Kuzindatshana ezedlule besibona ukuthi kwakuyi- ukukhwabanisa. Kuyindlela yokukhipha igesi nowoyela ukwenza le ndlela, ingcindezi yasetshenziswa ezintweni ezithile zenhlabathi lapho izokhishwa khona. Lokhu kusetshenziselwa ukusebenzisa ama-fractures asevele ngaphakathi kwedwala nokukhipha igesi ekhona yemvelo noma uwoyela. Namuhla sigxila kwi fracking eSpain. I-fracking ithuthuke kanjani phakathi nale minyaka nokuthi iguquke kanjani ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kungani ukukhwabanisa kuyeke ukusetshenziswa?
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke mayelana ne-fracking eSpain.
Imiphumela ye-fracking
Inkinga nge-fracking ukuthi kuyindlela ecekela phansi izindawo eziningi zeplanethi. Umthelela wezemvelo uphakeme njengoba ezinye izinqolobane zegesi yemvelo cishe zingafinyeleleki. Kunezifundo eziningi eziveza imithelela engemihle i-fracking enayo emvelweni. Kulimaza kokubili izitshalo, izilwane, amanzi, inhlabathi kanye nempilo yabantu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamakhemikhali zisetshenziselwa ukuhlephula futhi zinciphise idwala. Uma la makhemikhali esesetshenzisiwe, ama-aquifers nomhlaba kugcina kungcolisiwe. Ngalesi sizathu, le ndlela yokukhipha igesi yemvelo kanye namafutha ibilokhu iphikisana kakhulu.
Akuseyona nje kuphela ukungcola okwenziwa yilenqubo kodwa sekube namagesi abamba ukushisa akhishelwa emkhathini, phakathi kwawo igesi yemethane evelele. Le gesi iyingozi kakhulu emkhathini njengoba inomphumela wokushisa okushisa kakhulu kune-carbon dioxide uqobo. Kukhona namanye amakhemikhali asetshenziswa njenge-benzene nomthofu ezihlukaniswe njenge-carcinogenic.
Sizohlaziya ukuthi i-panorama yaseSpain iguquke kanjani. Kusukela ekuqaleni kokuxhashazwa kwayo nokusetshenziswa kwayo njengomthombo wemvelo kuze kube kuncipha kwayo.
I-Fracking eSpain
Ekuqaleni kokusebenzisa le ndlela, kwakukhona izinkampani ezinhlanu ezazibeka inyama ku-grill on the subsoil of Spain. Lokhu kuqale ekuqaleni kuka-2010. Le ndlela yethembisa ukuthi wonke ugesi wemvelo ungakunciphisa ukuncika kweSpain kuma-hydrocarbon avela kwamanye amazwe, kusenze sizimele ngokuphelele kuwo. Ngokombono wamandla bekuyinto engenzeka impela futhi le nhlangano yajoyinwa yizimeya kanye nokuzimela. Kodwa-ke, amanani aphansi adicilele phansi zonke izinhlelo zokukhipha. Lezi zinkampani ezinhlanu okukhulunywe ngazo ngenhla sezikudelile ukunqwabelana.
Le ndlela yokukhipha igesi yemvelo yayiyinguquko yamandla e-United States. Izinkampani zaseSpain zathi ukuguqulwa kwegesi yemvelo nakho kungafika lapha. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi enhlabathini engaphansi yeSpain, ikakhulukazi leyo yeBasque Cantabrian Basin, kunezinqolobane zegesi yemvelo ezilingana cishe neminyaka engama-70 yako konke ukusetshenziswa kwezwe kwamanje. Le mininingwane ivela embikweni wango-2013 owawulungiselelwe i-Spanish Association of Companies for Research, Exploration and Production of Hydrocarbons and Underground Storage. Lo mbiko ukhombisile ukuthi enhlabathini engaphansi komhlaba yaseSpain kunezigidi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-700 zegesi yemvelo. Ngokusobala, leli nani lemali lenze izinkampani ezibalulwe ngenhla ukuthi ziphinde zicabange kabusha ukukhuthaza ukukhishwa kwegesi yemvelo ngokuqhekeka kwe-hydraulic.
Le ndlela yokukhipha ikhishwa ngamademoni ngamaqembu ezemvelo. Imithelela yezemvelo ekhiqizwa yi-fracking iphezulu kakhulu futhi ilimaza yonke indawo lapho kukhishwa khona izinto zokwakha.
Izinkampani ze-5
Izinkampani ezinhlanu ezazihola inhlangano yokuthwebula eSpain zakha iqembu elibizwa ngeShale Gas Spain. Zonke lezi zinkampani sezivele ziyilahlile le ndlela ezweni lethu. Inkampani yokugcina iyinkampani yomphakathi encike kuhulumeni waseBasque. Ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari yilapho izimvume zocwaningo lwe-hydrocarbon ezazinikezwe zamiswa.
Njengamanje sinezimvume ezimbalwa ezisebenza ukukhipha igesi yemvelo kule ndlela yokubhoboza umfutholuketshezi. Iningi lezimvume ligxile kakhulu eCantabria. Kukulomphakathi ozimele lapho umnyango wezamandla yiwo, ngaphandle kokumbalwa, owanikeza ukukhanya okuluhlaza kwamaphrojekthi wokukhipha. Manje, njengamanje, yinkantolo yomthethosisekelo eyenza imiphakathi ezimele ikwazi ukwenqaba noma ukuthinta iphrojekthi yokuthwebula.
Yize imiyalezo yezemvelo ifinyelele esikalini emphakathini, Akusona isizathu esiyinhloko sokuthi ukunciphisa ama-fracking kuncishisiwe eSpain. Isizathu esiyinhloko sokuthi le ndlela inqanyuliwe kungenxa ye- intengo ephansi kawoyela namuhla. Ngamanye amagama, ngokuzayo, ukuthi intengo kawoyela ingakhuphuka yini, kungenzeka ukuthi lesi simo singaguqulwa futhi sisebenze futhi. Ingcindezi etholwa amaqembu ezemvelo ayenele ukumisa le nhlangano. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kwaziwe ukuthi imithelela yemvelo ebangelwe yile ndlela yokukhipha igesi yemvelo yeqa imikhawulo yemvelo. Ngale ndlela, ayilimazi imvelo kuphela, kodwa futhi ilimaza nabantu.
Ngakho-ke, lezi kufanele kube yizizathu zokuqeda ukukhwabanisa eSpain. Kule ndaba, ezombusazwe kanye nokuthola amavoti yimiphakathi ezimele nakho kudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu.
Uhlangothi olumnyama lwe-fracking
Njengoba sazi, le ndlela iye yagxekwa ngezindlela eziningi. Enye yezimpikiswano enkulu ibangela ukuzamazama komhlaba okuncane. Kwezinye izindawo e-United States lapho kube namazinga aphezulu wokuzamazama komhlaba okuncane, kube kulezo zindawo lapho kuye kwaba nokukhishwa okuningi ngenxa yokuqhekeka kuka-hydraulic. Izindawo ezifana neTexas noma i-Ohio lapho kungabikho bungozi bokunyakaza komhlaba, kube khona amakhulu amakhulu okundindizela okuphansi.
Esinye isici ukungcoliswa okukhiqizwa yile ndlela. Amanzi ayinsiza ebaluleke kakhulu futhi phakathi nale nqubo, kokubili amanzi angaphansi komhlaba nalawo ayevame ukuncibilikisa amakhemikhali okukhipha angcolile. Ukushaya okuthile akuphethwe kahle umonakalo ungaba mkhulu kakhulu.
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, ukunqaka eSpain kuyimpikiswano impela. Ngethemba ukuthi ngeke iphinde ikhuphuke noma ngabe amanani kawoyela enyuka. Ukukhishwa kwegesi yemvelo akunxephezelwa ngomonakalo odalwe yile ndlela. Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngalesi sihloko.