Oqweqweni lomhlaba ihlukaniswe yaba ezahlukene amacwecwe e-tectonic ezinyakazayo njalo ngenxa yokugeleza kwempahla okwenzeka engutsheni yomhlaba. Ukunyakaza kwamapuleti ahlukene e-tectonic yikho okukhiqiza ukuzamazama komhlaba, izilwandle nezintaba. Impumuzo yamanje yomhlaba ifakwe amapuleti e-tectonic. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene futhi ngayinye inezici zayo.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele ngezici, imvelaphi nokubaluleka kwamapuleti e-tectonic.
Yini
Amapuleti e-tectonic, noma amapuleti e-lithospheric, yizicucu ezihlukene lapho i-lithosphere yasemhlabeni ihlukaniswa khona, izingqimba ezingaphandle kakhulu zoMhlaba, kuhlanganise noqweqwe kanye nesiphuku esiphezulu. Umsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba, wentaba-mlilo kanye ne-orogenic ugxile emaphethelweni awo.
Lesi sakamuva sibangelwa ukunyakaza okungaguquki kwamapuleti e-tectonic ku-asthenosphere, isifunda esine-viscous esingaphezulu noma esingaphansi kwesigqoko esiphezulu, ngokusho kwenkolelo-mbono ye-plate tectonics.
Izakhiwo zamapuleti e-tectonic okwamanje akuqondakali kahle, ngaphandle kokuthi aqinile futhi ukufuduka kwawo kukhiqiza izenzakalo ze-geological ezifana nokuzamazama komhlaba nezintaba-mlilo esingazikala futhi siziqonde. Zingaholela ngisho nasekubunjweni kwezintaba kanye nezitsha ze-sedimentary. Lesi yisenzakalo esisebenzayo eMhlabeni kuphela. Kodwa-ke, kunobufakazi bokuthi amanye amaplanethi ahlangabezane nezenzakalo ezifanayo ze-tectonic.
Ithiyori ye-plate tectonics echaza lezi zigigaba yasungulwa phakathi kuka-1960 no-1970, ngenxa yokutholakala kwamakhulu eminyaka angaphezu kwamakhulu amabili, okuvamise ukuthi kungafundeki, kokubhekwa kwe-geophysical kanye ne-geochemical kanye namarekhodi ensalela kanye ne-geological. Isekelwe ku- Umbono wokukhukhuleka kwezwekazi ehlongozwa ngumJalimane u-Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) ngo-1912.
Izinhlobo zamapuleti e-tectonic
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamapuleti e-tectonic emhlabeni: amapuleti olwandle kanye namapuleti ezwekazi.
- ipuleti lolwandle. Lezo zimbozwe ngokuphelele yi-oceanic crust, okungaphansi kolwandle, ngakho zicwile ngokuphelele. Zincane futhi zakhiwe ikakhulukazi insimbi ne-magnesium.
- ipuleti yezwekazi. Amapuleti ambozwe izingxenye ze-continental crust, amazwekazi ngokwawo, awuhlobo oluvelele kakhulu lwe-tectonic plate, ngokuvamile enengxenye yezwekazi kanye nengxenye ecwiliswe emanzini olwandle.
amapuleti amakhulu e-tectonic emhlabeni
Sekukonke, iplanethi yethu inamapuleti e-tectonic angama-56, angu-14 kuwo abaluleke kakhulu. Lezi izi:
- Ipuleti lase-Afrika. Ihlanganisa lonke izwekazi lase-Afrika futhi idlulele olwandle oluyizungezile, ngaphandle kwengxenye yayo esenyakatho.
- I-Antarctic plate. Ihlanganisa yonke i-Antarctica bese kuba cishe amakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi ezingu-17 olwandle oluzungezile.
- Ipuleti lase-Arabia. Itholakala ngaphansi kweNhlonhlo Yase-Arabia futhi ingxenye yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi iMpumalanga Ephakathi, iphuma ekuqhekekeni kwepuleti lase-Afrika futhi inamaphesenti angama-43 emithombo yegesi yemvelo kanye nama-48% emithombo yawo kawoyela.
- I-cocoos plate. Itholakala ngaphansi koLwandlekazi iPacific ogwini olusentshonalanga ye-Central America, eduze kwepuleti laseCaribbean, elakha i-volcanic arc yaseMesoamerican ngaphansi kwepuleti laseCaribbean.
- I-Nazca plate. Ngaphansi kwempumalanga yePacific Ocean, ugu lwasePeru, e-Ecuador, naseColombia, kanye nenyakatho emaphakathi neChile, zehlela ngaphansi kwepuleti laseNingizimu Melika ukuze zakhe i-Andes.
- UJuan de Fuca Plaque. Ipuleti elincane ohlangothini olusentshonalanga lweNorth American Plate, eduze nogu lwasePacific lwaseCalifornia, Oregon, Washington, kanye neBritish Columbia. Lokhu, kanye nezingcwecwe ze-Cocos ne-Nazca, zivela ekuhlakazweni kwepuleti elidala le-Farallón cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-28 edlule.
- I-Plate yamaCaribbean. Njengoba igama layo libonisa, itholakala eCaribbean, enyakatho yeNingizimu Melika, nasempumalanga ye-Central America, ehlanganisa indawo engaphezu kwamakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi ezingu-3,2. Ihlanganisa izingxenye zezwekazi laseCentral America (iGuatemala, iBelize, iHonduras, iNicaragua, i-El Salvador, iCosta Rica, iPanama, nesifunda saseMexico saseChiapas), kanye nazo zonke iziqhingi zaseCaribbean.
- I-Plate yasePacific. Ingolunye lwezilwandle ezinkulu kunazo zonke eMhlabeni, emboze cishe lonke ulwandle olunegama elifanayo, futhi inezindawo eziningi "ezishisayo" kanye namabhande e-seismic noma intaba-mlilo, ikakhulukazi ezungeze iHawaii.
- Ipulazi yase-Eurasian. Leli cwecwe elikhulu lihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi ezingu-67,8 futhi lihlanganisa lonke izwekazi lase-Eurasia (yonke iYurophu ne-Asia), ngaphandle kwezingxenye zezwekazi laseNdiya, i-Arabia, neSiberia. Iphinde inwebe amakhilomitha ambalwa empumalanga yeNyakatho ye-Atlantic.
- Philippine plate. Itholakala oLwandlekazini iPacific empumalanga yePhilippines, iyipuleti elincane endaweni yaseMariana Trench. Uma uyiqhathanisa nomakhelwane bayo, incane kakhulu.
- I-Indo-Australian plate. Njengoba igama layo libonisa, leli cwecwe lisuka emingceleni yeNdiya neChina neNepal, linqamule lonke izwekazi laseNdiya, i-Indian Ocean, nalo lonke elase-Australia neMelanesia, ekugcineni lifinyelele eNew Zealand. Kuwumphumela wokuhlanganiswa kwamapuleti asendulo aseNdiya nase-Australia cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-50 edlule.
- I-North American Plate. Iqukethe yonke iNyakatho Melika, okuhlanganisa iGreenland, kanye neqoqo leziqhingi zaseCuba, iBahamas, ingxenye ye-Iceland, nengxenye yeNyakatho ye-Atlantic, izinguzunga zeqhwa zase-Arctic, kanye nezindawo zaseSiberia. Yipuleti elikhulu kunawo wonke eMhlabeni.
- ipuleti Scotia. Itholakala lapho kuhlangana khona iPacific Ocean, uLwandlekazi i-Atlantic, kanye nolwandle oluyiqhwa lwe-Antarctic eningizimu yeNingizimu Melika. Kuyipuleti elincane futhi elisha ngokuqhathaniswa, elizalwe ku-Cenozoic. Inokuzamazama komhlaba okunamandla kanye nokusebenza kwentaba-mlilo.
- I-South American Plate. Njengezwekazi le-namesake, leli cwecwe lingaphansi kwayo yonke iNingizimu Melika futhi lidlulela eningizimu-mpumalanga liye eNingizimu Atlantic.
Ukunyakaza
Amapuleti e-tectonic ahamba phezu kwe-asthenosphere, ingxenye ewuketshezi yengubo. Ahamba ngesivinini esihlukile, ngokuvamile ehamba kancane kodwa azinzile, kanjalo azibonakali ngaphandle uma zishayisana nezinye izinto, bese sibona amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba anomthelela.
Isizathu salokhu kunyakaza akuqondakali kahle, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi kunento yokwenza nokuzungeza komhlaba, i-magma eshisayo ekhuphukayo kanye ne-magma ebandayo ehamba phansi, noma umehluko we-gravity namandla adonsela phansi.ukuminyana koqweqwe lweplanethi.
Kodwa-ke, lokhu kunyakaza kuyingxenye ye-dynamics ye-mantle, lapho kukhona i-convection kanye nokusabalalisa ukushisa, okugcina izinto ziqinile futhi ziminyene, izakhi ezisindayo zehla ukuze zenze indawo yezinto ezilula.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngamapuleti e-tectonic nezici zawo.