Namuhla amakhaya nezimboni eziningi zisebenzisa igesi yemvelo. Lo gesi ukhula ngokuqhubekayo emhlabeni wonke futhi kulindeleke ukuthi uqhubeke ukhula kakhulu emashumini eminyaka ezayo. Ukusebenzisa igesi yemvelo ipharamitha ebaluleke kakhulu isetshenziswa ezweni lamakhemikhali. Imayelana nenani lekhalori. Le yipharamitha esetshenziselwa ukunquma ikhwalithi yegesi yemvelo. Ngenxa yalokhu, izindleko zegesi ezidingekayo esenzweni esithile futhi, ngakho-ke, izindleko zayo zomnotho zingancishiswa.
Kodwa-ke, liyini inani lekhalori? Kulokhu okuthunyelwe ungafunda konke mayelana nenani lama-calorific, kufanele uqhubeke nokufunda okulandelayo
Incazelo yenani lekhalori
Inani lekhalori legesi ngu inani lamandla ngeyunithi ngayinye noma ivolumu ekhishwa phezu kokuxhuma okuphelele. Le oxidation ayaziwa ngensimbi. Kujwayelekile kakhulu lapho uzwa i-chemistry ethile ucabange nge-oxidation kanjalo. I-oxidation ngumqondo obhekisela ekulahlekelweni kwama-electron entweni ethile. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, ukukhokhiswa kwayo okuhle kuyakhuphuka futhi kuthiwe kuxhuma. Le oxidation eshiwo yenzeka ngenqubo yomlilo.
Lapho sishisa igesi yemvelo sithola amandla okwenza ugesi, ukushisa amanzi, njll. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukwazi inani lamandla igesi ekwazi ukukhiqiza iyunithi ngayinye yesisindo noma yevolumu ukunquma ikhwalithi yayo. Ngokusho ukuphakama kwenani lekhalori, ubuningi obuncane wegesi sizosebenzisa. Kulokhu kuhlala ukubaluleka kwekhwalithi yegesi maqondana nezindleko zezomnotho.
Amayunithi ahlukahlukene wokulinganisa asetshenziselwa ukukala inani lekhalori. Ama-Kilojoules nama-kilocalories asetshenziselwa kokubili ubukhulu nevolumu. Njengasekudleni, lapha emagesi kukhona nama-kilocalories. Akuyona into ngaphandle kwamandla akhishwe ngesikhathi senqubo ye-oxidation. Uma kukhulunywa ngobuningi, kubalwa nge-kilojoule ngekhilo (kJ / Kg) noma nge-kilocalorie ngekhilo (kcal / kg). Uma sikhuluma ngevolumu, sizokhuluma nge-kilojoule ngemitha ngalinye le-cubic (kJ / m3) noma i-kilocalorie nge-cubic meter ngayinye (kcal / m3).
Inani eliphakeme noma eliphansi lekhalori
Uma sikhuluma ngokwethiyori, inani lekhalori legesi lihlukile futhi aliguquki. Kodwa-ke, uma kukhulunywa ngokusetshenziswa singathola ezinye izincazelo ezimbili. Omunye ubhekisela kunani eliphakeme lekhalori futhi elinye liye kwelaphansi. Owokuqala ubheka ukuthi umhwamuko wamanzi owenziwa ngesikhathi senqubo yokushisa uvimbekile ngokuphelele. Lokhu kubheka ukushisa okwenziwa yigesi kushintsho lwesigaba.
Ukucabanga ukuthi zonke izinto ezibandakanyeka emlilweni zithathwa ngama-zero degrees. Ukuze kwenzeke umlilo kufanele kube nomoya nokuthi umoya nawo unikeza amandla. Ngakho-ke, uma kokubili ama-reactants nemikhiqizo ebamba iqhaza emlilweni ilethwa kuma-zero degrees ngaphambi nangemva, umhwamuko wamanzi uzofinyitheka ngokuphelele. Lomhwamuko wamanzi uqhamuka kumswakama ohambisana nophethiloli nakumswakama owakhiwa lapho i-hydrogen esemafutheni ixhuma.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inani eliphansi lekhalori ayicabangi amandla lokho kukhishwa ushintsho lwesigaba segesi. Ibheka ukuthi umhwamuko wamanzi oqukethwe amagesi awugodoli. Ngokungashintshi isigaba, ayikhiphi amandla futhi akukho okunye okokufaka. Kulesi simo, kukhona okokufaka kwamandla kuphela kusuka ku-oxidation kaphethiloli.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni
Uma kukhulunywa ngeqiniso ezimbonini zokukhiqiza amandla, inani eliphansi le-calorific elithakazelisa kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amagesi omlilo avame ukuba sezingeni lokushisa eliphakeme kunokuncipha komhwamuko wamanzi. Ngakho-ke, amandla ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwesigaba segesi awunakwa.
Ngokumelela amandla igesi ekwaziyo ukuyikhipha ngesikhathi se-oxidation yayo, futhi singazi nekhwalithi yegesi eshiwoyo. Inani elingaphezulu kwamakhalori igesi elinalo, ubuningi obuncane esizobudinga. Embonini kubaluleke kakhulu ukubheka lezi zinto. Ukuphakama kwekhwalithi yegesi, kwehla izindleko zokukhiqiza. Inani elizinzile kakhudlwana legesi, eshibhile kuzoba izindleko zokusebenza.
Izinyathelo nokulawulwa okwenziwayo kule misebenzi kuncike ngokuphelele kunhloboni yenkampani eyenzayo. Kodwa-ke, noma ngabe iyiphi inkampani (igesi yemvelo, idamu, noma ama-biogas) bayilawula ngokuphelele le parameter. Ibuye isetshenziswe kabanzi ezimbonini ezinjenge-metallurgy, amafektri engilazi, izitshalo zikasimende, izinto zokuhluza, amandla kagesi kanye nama-petrochemicals.
Izilinganiso zokuhlaziya
Siphawule ukuthi inani lekhalori liyipharamitha ebaluleke kakhulu nokuthi izimboni zinezindlela zokukala nokulawula. Kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokunquma inani lekhalori legesi. Okudala nokwaziwa kakhulu yilokho kwe- ibhomu lekhalori.
Le ndlela iqukethe ukwethula igesi esitsheni esine-hermetically seal yevolumu engaguquki. Isiqukathi kufanele sihlukaniswe nezinye izinto noma ekuguqulweni okungenzeka kusilinganiso. Lapho nje igesi ingenisiwe, kusetshenziswa inhlansi ukushisa igesi. Kubekwa i-thermometer ukukala izinga lokushisa. Ngalolu shintsho kunani lokushisa sizolinganisa ukushisa okukhishwe ukusabela kwe-oxidation.
Yize le ndlela inembe kakhulu, igcina idle wonke ugesi ngokushisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubhekwa njengendlela yokulinganisa engaqhubeki. Ngakho-ke, le ndlela ayisetshenziswa ezimbonini ezinkulu ezisebenzisa igesi.
Ukulinganisa okuqhubekayo kwaleli gesi kwenziwa nge-online chromatography. Lokhu kubandakanya ukuhlukanisa izingxenye zesampula yegesi ngaphakathi kwekholomu ye-chromatographic. Imvamisa kuyishubhu le-capillary lapho kunesigaba esimile futhi sethula igesi, okuyisigaba esingumahamba nendlwana. Izingxenye zegesi zigcinwa ngokufakwa kwesigaba esimile, kuhluke isikhathi saso sokuxhuma kuye ngesisindo sayo samangqamuzana. Ukunciphisa isisindo samangqamuzana, kufushane isikhathi sokulungiswa, futhi ngokufanayo. Njengoba amagesi ephuma kukholamu, ahlangana nomtshina okhethwayo we-hydrocarbon. Basebenza ngokuqhutshwa kokushisa.
Lapho uhlaziya imiphumela, kutholakala i-chromatogram. Lokhu akuyona nje igrafu lapho kukhonjiswa khona ukuthi amaphesenti we-hydrocarbon ngayinye akule gesi esiyihlaziyile. Ngalolu lwazi, inani lekhalori lingabalwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Usuvele wazi okuthile okuningi ngamandla wekhalori nokubaluleka anakho lapho ukhiqiza igesi yemvelo noma amanye amagesi.