Amandla avuselelekayo kuzodingeka enze indlela yawo emnothweni wethu nasemhlabeni uma sifuna ukugcina izinga lokushisa elizinzile futhi singakhuphuli ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Izinzuzo zamandla avuselelekayo ziningi uma sibheka lokho ngokuthuthuka okuhle kwezobuchwepheshe singanciphisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nezinkinga zokusebenza esihlangabezane nazo kuze kube manje.
Kokubili amandla omoya namandla elanga yizinhlobo ezimbili zamandla ezidinga isikhala. Ukwakhiwa kwepulazi lomoya elingasolwandle Kumele ihlaziywe ukuhlola imithelela ehlukene engayidala emvelweni yasolwandle futhi, ngalokho-ke, kubhekwe ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwayo kunenzuzo futhi kuyasimama yini. Siyoba yini isimo samandla omoya emashumini eminyaka alandelayo?
Amandla omoya namapulazi omoya
Ngo-2002 iDenmark yethula uhlelo lwezinga lokuhweba lwepulazi lomoya lokuqala elwandle. Umthamo wokuphehla ugesi ofakwe epaki ucishe ube ngamamegawathi ayi-160 (MW). Ukwakhiwa kwama-turbine omoya anama-turbine amakhulu kusetha isiteji ukuze, ekupheleni kuka-2015, ingakhiqiza ama-gigawatts ayi-13 (GW). Ngenkathi izitshalo eziningi ezingasolwandle zitholakala eYurophu, izinto ezintsha zibeka lobu buchwepheshe njengobunye bogesi abaphambili emhlabeni esikhathini esizayo.
Ngenxa yalokhu kusungulwa, i-IRENA ikhiqize umbiko ngamathemba esikhathi esizayo wamandla omoya futhi ilinganisela ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwawo ingakhuphuka isuke ku-13 GW iye ku-400 GW ngo-2045 uma iqhubeka nokwenza okusha ngejubane lamanje nangezinga. Lokhu kukhula okubonakalayo akuyona into engenziwa yibo bonke ubuchwepheshe obuvuselelekayo.
Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla omoya wase-Offshore
Umbiko uhlanganisa izici ezahlukahlukene zamandla omoya aphesheya kwezilwandle kanye nezinzuzo zawo. Iqagela ukuthi amandla omoya aphesheya kwezilwandle azothuthuka kakhulu ukudlula ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukiswa namuhla. Ngale ndlela, ingaba yinto ebalulekile nesisekelo se-matrix yamandla omhlaba eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu ezayo.
Kufanele sinake ukuthi akukhona ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kuphela, kepha kungamandla ahlanzekile naphinde avuseleleke. Kumele futhi siphawule ukuthi ngamandla angadala imithelela ezimileni nasezilwazini zasolwandle nokuthi kuzodingeka ukuthi ihlolwe ngomthelela wezemvelo.
Ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kunciphise izindleko nokwandiswa kwemakethe okuqhutshwa ngamandla omoya. I-Onshore, umoya manje usubiza izindleko ngokuncintisana nobunye ubuchwepheshe obujwayelekile bokukhiqiza amandla, futhi manje sekugxilwa kakhulu kuzicelo zasemaphandleni ezingafinyelela kumasayithi anezinsizakusebenza ezingcono zomoya ophezulu.
I-European Union isungule izinhloso zonyaka we-2020 ezikhuthaza ukusungulwa kabusha kanye nokwenza izimboni zamandla omoya aphesheya kwezilwandle. Ngendlela yokuthi ubuchwepheshe bomoya wasogwini lolwandle buqale ukuba nakho futhi bube nokuncintisana ezimakethe nangokulwa namalahle negesi. Lokhu kungafinyelela lokho ngonyaka ka-2030 amandla omoya afinyelela ku-100 GW yamandla afakiwe kuyo yonke iplanethi.
Ngabe amandla omoya angasolwandle angcono kanjani?
Ukuze sikwazi ukusho ukuthi lusebenza kangcono kunolomhlaba, kufanele sibheke kuzo zombili izici zomhlaba nezasemkhathini kanye nezobuchwepheshe. Intuthuko ephawula amandla omoya aphesheya kolwandle njengenye indlela yokuncintisana yamandla yilena: indawo inokuthuthuka ekutholeni imimoya enamandla nokusiza ukukhiqiza amandla amaningi. Mayelana nezici zobuchwepheshe, sizithola sithuthukisa ama-turbine anama-rotor amakhulu asiza ukukhiqiza amandla amaningi.
Ngokuphathelene nogesi abaphehla ugesi, njengamanje okusemakethe yizinjini zomoya ezingasolwandle ezinamandla angama-6 MW, ngobubanzi be-rotor obufinyelela cishe emamitheni ayi-150, kodwa kulindeleke ukuthi ukuvela kobuchwepheshe bekhasi nobuchwepheshe bokudlulisa kuvumele ukuthi imishini yomoya ibe mikhulu , ngisho namandla aphezulu. Lo mbiko ubona kusengaphambili ukuthengiswa kwemishini engu-10 MW ngo-2020 nokuthi kuma-2030s ophephela abangafika ku-15 MW kuyabonakala.
Ngale ntuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, amandla omoya azoba yingxenye esemqoka yamandla avuselelekayo.