Esimeni sezinqubomgomo ezisafufusa zokunciphisa amaphesenti okukhishwa kwe-CO2 futhi kuzuzwe ukungathathi hlangothi kwesimo sezulu, ezokuthutha, ezimele u-29% we-CO2 yomhlaba olinganayo ngo-2019, zidinga zonke izixazululo ezingaba khona ukukhuthaza ukuchithwa kwayo. Esinye salezi zixazululo sihlanganisa ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwama-biofuels. Abantu abaningi abazi ukuthi yini ama-biofuels esizukulwane sesibili nesesithathu.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi yiziphi i-biofuels yesizukulwane sesibili nesesithathu, izici zabo, ukuthi zenziwa kanjani nokunye okuningi.
Isizukulwane sokuqala
Ama-biofuels esizukulwane sokuqala awuhlobo lukaphethiloli olukhiqizwa ngezinto ezingavuthiwe zemvelaphi yebhayoloji, njengezitshalo zezolimo noma imikhiqizo yamahlathi. Lawa ma-biofuels athathwa “njengesizukulwane sokuqala” ngenxa yokuthi awokuqala ukuthuthukiswa futhi asetshenziswa ngezinga elikhulu njengenye indlela kumafutha emvelo asetshenziswa kudala, njengowoyela nophethiloli.
Enye yezinto ezivame kakhulu isizukulwane sokuqala se-biofuels i-ethanol, etholakala ikakhulukazi ezitshalweni zommbila, umoba, beet neminye imikhiqizo ecebile ngoshukela noma isitashi. Inqubo yokukhiqiza i-ethanol ihlanganisa ukuvutshelwa kwalezi zinto eziphilayo ukuze kuguqulwe ushukela ube utshwala. I-ethanol ewumphumela ixutshwa nophethiloli ngezilinganiso ezihlukene futhi isetshenziswa njengophethiloli wezimoto ezindaweni eziningi emhlabeni jikelele.
Esinye isizukulwane sokuqala se-biofuel yi-biodiesel, ekhiqizwa ngamafutha emifino, afana ne-soya, i-rapeseed noma amafutha esundu, namafutha ezilwane. Inqubo yokukhiqiza i-biodiesel ibandakanya ukuguqulwa kwe-transesterification kwalawa mafutha namafutha, okuwaguqula abe uphethiloli owuketshezi ongasetshenziswa ezinjinini zikadizili.
Ekuqaleni, lawa ma-biofuels ayebhekwa njengenketho ekhangayo ngoba ayenikeza umthombo wamandla ovuselelekayo ongasiza ukunciphisa ukuncika emafutheni ezinto ezimbiwa phansi futhi kunciphise imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuye kwavela ukukhathazeka ngokusimama kwayo kanye nemiphumela yako emibi, njengokuncintisana ngamapulazi nemithombo yemvelo, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kanye nomthelela ekuvikelekeni kokudla.
Ayini ama-biofuels esizukulwane sesibili nesesithathu?
Isizukulwane sesibili
Ama-biofuel esizukulwane sesibili ayinguquko yama-biofuels esizukulwane sokuqala akhiqizwa ngezinto ezingavuthiwe ezingahloselwe ukusetshenziswa abantu futhi ezethula indlela esimeme nesebenza ngempumelelo ngokwezinsiza. Ngokungafani neyokuqala, isizukulwane sesibili sama-biofuels anjalo Zitholakala ezintweni ze-lignocellulosic, njengemfucuza yezolimo, yamahlathi noma izitshalo ezingadliwa.
Enye ephawuleka kakhulu yi-cellulosic bioethanol. Lokhu kukhiqizwa ngokubola kwe-cellulose, i-hemicellulose kanye ne-lignin equkethwe ezintweni zezitshalo ezifana izinsalela zezitshalo, utshani, umoba nezinkuni. Inqubo yokukhiqiza iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunaleyo ye-ethanol yesizukulwane sokuqala, njengoba ihilela ukusetshenziswa kwama-enzyme nama-microorganisms ukubola lezi zakhiwo ze-cellulosic zibe ushukela ovutshelwayo, obese uguqulwa ube yi-ethanol. Le ndlela yenza kube nokwenzeka ukusizakala ngezinto ebezithathwa njengemfucuza phambilini futhi inciphisa ukuncintisana nokukhiqizwa kokudla.
Esinye isizukulwane sesibili se-biofuel yi-biodiesel evela kumafutha angadliwayo, njengamafutha e-algae, i-jatropha nezinye izitshalo ezingezona ukudla. Lawa mafutha asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza i-biodiesel ngendlela efanayo ne-biodiesel yesizukulwane sokuqala, kodwa ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amafutha emifino yezinga lokudla, okunciphisa umthelela wokuphepha kokudla.
Zibhekwa njengenye indlela esimeme kuneyesizukulwane sokuqala, njengoba zisebenzisa imithombo ye-biomass engaqhudelani nokukhiqizwa kokudla futhi engaba nomthelela ekwehliseni ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa. Ukwengeza, lawa ma-biofuels anamandla okwenza sebenzisa imihlaba engasenalutho kanye nemfucuza yezolimo, ngaleyo ndlela kwehle ingcindezi emithonjeni yemvelo kanye nokugawulwa kwamahlathi.
Isizukulwane sesithathu
Ama-biofuels esizukulwane sesithathu ayisigaba esithuthuke kakhulu nesikhethekile sama-biofuels akhiqizwa kuzinambuzane ezincane noma ulwelwe, futhi amele indlela esimeme nakakhulu nephumelelayo yokukhiqiza amandla avuselelekayo uma kuqhathaniswa nezizukulwane ezedlule. Omunye wemithombo ye-biofuel yesizukulwane sesithathu ephawuleka kakhulu yi-microalgae biodiesel.. Kule nqubo, izinhlobo ezithile ze-microalgae zitshalwa emachibini noma kuma-reactors, futhi lawa ma-microalgae aqongelela ama-lipids anothile ngamafutha.
Amafutha abe esekhishwa futhi aguqulwe abe yi-biodiesel kusetshenziswa izinqubo zamakhemikhali ezifana nalezo ezisetshenziselwa i-biodiesel yesizukulwane sokuqala nesesibili. Ukuhlakulela ulwelwe oluncane oluncane lunikeza izinzuzo ezimbalwa, njengoba lezi zitshalo ezincane zasemanzini zingakhula ezimeni ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise namanzi anosawoti kanye namanzi angcolile, futhi Awaqhudelani ngokukhiqizwa kokudla futhi awahlali ezindaweni ezinkulu zomhlaba.
Obunye ubuchwepheshe obusafufusa ekukhiqizeni ama-biofuels esizukulwane sesithathu ukukhiqizwa kwama-hydrocarbon athuthukile asuka kumagciwane ashintshwe izakhi, njengamagciwane kanye nemvubelo. Lawa ma-microorganisms aklanyelwe ukukhiqiza izinhlanganisela ezifana nama-hydrocarbon atholakala kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, njengowoyela ongahluziwe. Njengoba zikhula, ziqoqa lezi zinhlanganisela ezingase zikhishwe futhi zicwengisiswe zibe ama-biofuels, njengophethiloli wokwenziwa noma udizili.
Lobu buchwepheshe buyathuthukiswa futhi bunamandla okunikeza enye indlela esebenza kahle kakhulu nengacutshungulwa kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi. Ama-biofuel esizukulwane sesithathu ayathembisa ngoba awasekelwe emithonjeni engeyona yokudla kuphela futhi awancintisani nokukhiqizwa kokudla, kodwa futhi angakwazi. sebenzisa umhlaba omncane noma izinsiza ebezingeke zisetshenziswe. Ukwengeza, bangaba nomthelela ophansi kwezemvelo futhi banciphise ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa kakhulu.
Inhloso yama-biofuels esizukulwane sesibili nesesithathu
Ukufaneleka kwesizukulwane sesibili nesesithathu se-biofuels emkhakheni wezokuthutha kuyaphawuleka esimweni sesifiso sethu sokuzuza. isabelo esincane esingama-28% samandla avuselelekayo kwezokuthutha ngo-2030. Kodwa kungani zingabhekwa njengezibaseli ezivuselelekayo?
Lapho ama-biofuels eshiswa ezinjinini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi, isikhutha siphumela emkhathini. Lokhu kudonswa futhi isitshalo, esiyiguqula ibe yi-biomass, ngebhalansi ye-CO2 eyiziro kule nqubo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba ukukhishwa kwegesi kuqhubeka, akukho kukhishwa okusha okungeziwe emkhathini. Uma lezi zindlela zihlanganiswa nokubamba i-carbon dioxide kanye nobuchwepheshe bokugcina, ukukhishwa okungalungile kungenzeka.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nama-biofuels esizukulwane sesibili nesesithathu kanye nezici zawo.