Ukukhathazeka ngokulondolozwa nokuvikelwa kwemvelo kuyinto eye yavela maphakathi nekhulu lama-XNUMX. Njengoba umuntu ethola ukuthi selokhu kwasungulwa uguquko lwezezimboni ululaza futhi abhubhise iplanethi, uyabona ukuthi kufanele amise noma anciphise izindlela zokuxhashazwa kwemithombo yemvelo futhi anciphise ukukhishwa nokukhishwa emkhathini, amanzi nenhlabathi .
Ukugxila ekukhishweni emkhathini, abaholi bamazwe abakhipha amagesi amaningi emkhathini bayakha okuthiwa yi-Kyoto Protocol yokunciphisa. Yini i-Kyoto Protocol futhi izama ukufeza ini? Ihlanganisa siphi isikhathi futhi yiziphi izinhloso zayo?
Umphumela wokushisa nokushisa kwesimo sezulu
Ukuze siqonde ukuthi i-Kyoto Protocol ihlose ukumisa ini, kufanele sethule imiphumela emibi nezimo umhlaba wethu obhekene nokukhishwa emkhathini okuthathwe emisebenzini yethu yezomnotho. Okokuqala ukwanda komphumela wokushisa. Okubizwa nge- "greenhouse effect" kuqukethe ukukhula kwezinga lokushisa kweplanethi kubangelwe ukwenziwa kweqembu elithile lamagesi, amanye awo akhiqizwa ngobuningi ngumuntu, amunca imisebe ye-infrared, ebangela ukuthi umhlaba kanye nengxenye engezansi yengqimba yomkhathi ezungezile ishise. Kungenxa yalomphumela wokushisa okushisayo ukuthi impilo eMhlabeni kungenzeka, ngoba, uma kungengenxa yalokhu, amazinga okushisa aphakathi nendawo angaba ngama-degree -88. Ngakho-ke, akufanele sididanise umthelela wokushisa okuluhlaza njengenkinga yezemvelo, kepha kunalokho ukwanda kwawo.
Ukwanda kwalo mphumela wokushisa kubangela ushintsho esimweni sezulu seplanethi yonke, ngoba izinhlelo zomhlaba wethu azifani noma zizinzile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu. IsiVumelwano saseKyoto siqhamuka ukunqanda ukwanda komphumela wokushisa okushisa ngokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi emkhathini, futhi ngawo, sigweme ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu.
Isivumelwano saseKyoto
Isivumelwano seKyoto besilokhu sikhona isinyathelo esibalulekile esiqonde embusweni wembulunga yonke ukwehlisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini. Kuyisivumelwano samazwe omhlaba sokugwema ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu lapho wonke amazwe akuqinisekisile azama ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi emhlabeni emisebenzini yawo yezomnotho. Yavunywa ngo-1997 futhi kwathatha unyaka wonke emazweni angamalungu e-Framework Convention on Climate Change ukuthi anqume ukuthi kufanele kufakwe isivumelwano lapho kwakufunwa khona izidingo eziqinile ukuze kuncishiswe ukukhishwa kwegesi.
Ngemuva kwemihlangano, izingxoxo mpikiswano kanye nezingxoxo, iSivumelwano saqala ukusebenza ngonyaka we-1994. Ngemuva konyaka, ohulumeni baqala izingxoxo bodwa ngesivumelwano samazwe omhlaba esasizocacisa imihlahlandlela yokukhipha umoya ezweni ngalinye ngokuya ngomnotho walo. . Lesi sivumelwano samazwe omhlaba kufanele sisebenze ngokuzimela kwaso. Ekupheleni, Yamukelwa ngazwi linye ngo-1997 futhi yaqala ukusebenza ngo-2005.
Yiziphi izinhloso eziyinhloko ze-Kyoto Protocol?
Inhloso enkulu yeSivumelwano saseKyoto ukwehlisa ukukhishwa kwegesi engcolisa umoya womlilo kuwo wonke lawo mazwe asekwamukele. Lezi zinhloso zincike kakhulu esimweni somnotho wezwe. Uma izwe lisathuthuka, lizokwazi ukukhipha amagesi amaningi abamba ukushisa ukuze lithuthukise umnotho nokukhiqiza kwalo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izwe elithuthukile eline-GDP enhle kuzodingeka linciphise ukukhishwa kwalo, ngoba liphethe kakhulu kunamanye amazwe anokukhishwa okuncane kokwenyuka komphumela wokushisa.
Izinciphiso zokuncishiswa komthetho olandelwayo zisukela ku -8% ziye ku- + 10% wezinga lokukhishwa kwamazwe ahlukene ngo-1999 “ngenhloso yokwehlisa ukukhishwa kwawo okuphelele kwalawa magesi ezingeni eliphansi kungabi ngaphansi kuka-5%. Kuya ku-1990 ku isikhathi sokuzibophezela phakathi kuka-2008 no-2012 ». Sikhuluma ngokuncipha ngo-5% kwamagesi omhlaba emazweni athuthukile kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, izwe ngalinye kuya ngomnotho walo kuzofanele linciphise ukungcola kakhulu noma kancane maqondana namazinga akhishwa ngo-1990. I-European Union kufanele yehlise i-8%, 6% Canada, 7% USA (yize ihoxile esivumelwaneni), 6% eHungary, Japan nasePoland. INew Zealand, iRussia neUkraine kumele ziqinise ukukhishwa kwazo, kuyilapho iNorway ingazinyusa kuze kufike ku-1%, i-Australia ngo-8% (kamuva yahoxisa ukuxhasa kwayo iProtocol) ne-Iceland ngo-10%. I-EU isungule eyayo isivumelwano sangaphakathi ukufinyelela umgomo wayo ongu-8% ngokusabalalisa amaphesenti ahlukene phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu ayo. Lezi zinhloso zisukela ekusikeni kwama-28% eLuxembourg nakuma-21% eDenmark naseJalimane kuye ekunyuseni kwama-25% eGrisi kanye nama-27% ePortugal.
Izici ze-Kyoto Protocol
Amazwe asayine iProthokholi anezindlela eziningi zokufeza izinhloso ezibekiwe kuphela ngokunciphisa ukungcola. Ngokwesibonelo, bangakhuphula inani "lamasinki" asusa amagesi abamba ukushisa. Ngokwanda endaweni yamahlathi, kungakhishwa isikhutha esiningi emkhathini. I-Protocol inika ukuguquguquka kwamazwe ukuthi lokhu kwanda kosinki kungenziwa endaweni kazwelonke noma kwamanye amazwe, njengoba kucatshangelwa ukungcola komhlaba.
Enye indlela yokufeza izinhloso zokunciphisa igesi ngokusebenzisa ukuhweba ngamalungelo okukhipha. Lokho, ilungelo lezwe ukukhipha ithani elilodwa legesi lokushisa emoyeni. Amazwe angahweba ngamalungelo okuphuma komunye nomunye. Uma izwe linamalungelo okweqa ukukhipha okungaphansi, lingawathengisela kwelinye izwe elidinga ukukhipha okuningi ukuthuthukisa umnotho walo.
Isivumelwano saseKyoto yisivumelwano esiyinkimbinkimbi ngoba akumele sisebenze kuphela lapho kubhekene nenkinga yomhlaba wonke njengokuguquka kwesimo sezulu, kepha futhi kumele yamukeleke kwezepolitiki futhi isebenze kahle kwezomnotho. Lezi zinkinga zenza ukuthi i-protocol iqhubeke kancane kakhulu futhi izinhloso azihlangatshezwa ngokuphelele. Izinhloso azibophi, ngakho-ke noma yiliphi izwe alikwazanga ukuhlangabezana nazo futhi lingatholi noma yiluphi uhlobo lwesijeziso. Ukukhulisa ukuqapha nokuhambisana nezinhloso, inani lamaqembu namakomidi adalelwe ukwengamela nokulamula izinhlelo zalo ezihlukene seliphindaphindekile, nangemva kokuvunywa kwesivumelwano ngo-1997.
Ukushiyeka kwesivumelwano saseKyoto
Amazwe aqinisekisa iSivumelwano SaseKyoto azama ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi engcolisa ukushisa ukuze kugweme ukungafinyeleli ekukhuleni kwamazinga okushisa emhlabeni jikelele angaphezu kwamazinga amabili. Umphakathi wesayensi, ngemuva kocwaningo oluningi ngesimo sezulu kanye nomphumela wamagesi aso, ukwazile ukuthola umkhawulo wezinguquko ezingalungiseki kuyo yonke imvelo yomhlaba ukwanda kwamazinga amabili emazingeni okushisa omhlaba. Ukusuka lapho, ushintsho nemiphumela emibi kuzinto eziphilayo kungabonakalisa futhi kungalungiseki impilo njengoba sazi.
Ngazo zonke lezi zizathu, izivumelwano zamazwe omhlaba kumele zizame ukushaya ibhalansi ebucayi. Labo abafuna ukusekelwa okujwayelekile kaningi abanamandla okwanele ukuxazulula izinkinga abazama ukuzixazulula. Kulokhu, izinhloso ze-Kyoto Protocol abanasifiso esanele sokulawula ukuthi bangeqi kumadigri amabili wokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa.
Isifinyezo se-Kyoto Protocol
Izici eziyinhloko nezinhloso ze-Kyoto Protocol zifingqiwe lapha:
- Kuyindlela elandelwayo ye-United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), kanye nesivumelwano samazwe omhlaba esihlose ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi engcolisa ukushisa komhlaba emhlabeni wonke.
- Amagesi amakhulu afaka isandla kumthelela wokushisa okushisayo ayisithupha: i-carbon dioxide (CO2), i-methane gas (i-CH4) ne-nitrous oxide (i-N2O), kanti amanye amathathu amagesi ezimboni akhanyisiwe: ama-hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), ama-perfluorocarbons (PFCs) ne-hexafluoride isibabule (SF6).
- Amaphesenti omhlaba wokunciphisa igesi angama-5% maqondana nokukhishwa komhlaba okwakukhona ngo-1990.
- Akuwona wonke amazwe aqinisekise le protocol okufanele anciphise ukukhishwa kwawo ngokulinganayo.
- Isivumelwano saseKyoto samukelwa ngo-1997 futhi saqala ukusebenza ngo-2005.
- Izinhloso zokunciphisa igesi zafinyelelwa esikhathini esivela ku-2008 kuya ku-2012.
- I-protocol iyabopha ngokusemthethweni lapho amazwe angekho ngaphansi kwama-55 ayiqinisekisile, kufaka phakathi amazwe athuthukile okukhishwa kwawo okuphelele kumele okungenani ama-55% ekhishwa lonke lesikhutha ngo-1990.
- Amazwe angathengisa ngamalungelo okuphuma kwegesi engcolisa ukushisa.
- IsiVumelwano seKyoto sizokuphela ngokuqiniseka ngonyaka wee-2020 lokha isenzo seSivumelwano seParis sithoma ukwenzeka.
Njengoba kungenzeka uke wabona, isivumelwano seKyoto siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ngalolu lwazi uzokwazi okwengeziwe ngalesi sivumelwano esimelene nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ngoba sibalulekile kithina sonke nakwizizukulwane zethu.
Ngalesi sizathu, kubalulekile ukuthi amazwe anakekele iplanethi:
