Emvelweni kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemvelo ngokuya ngezici zazo nemvelo lapho zitholakala khona. Enye yezinto eziphilayo nendawo yasolwandle. Imvelo yasolwandle yileyo ephethe inani elikhulu lempilo kanye nomthombo ohlukahlukene futhi omkhulu wokuhlukahluka kwezitshalo, izilwane, ama-microorganisms nama-molecule. Yize ukuvela kwe- Imvelo yasolwandle Kungabonakala njengokufana, kungenye yezindawo eziphila kakhulu emhlabeni. Inezici ezihlukile kusuka ezigxotsheni kuya ezindaweni ezishisayo emhlabeni wonke. Kunezigidi zemiphakathi yezinto eziphilayo ezihlala kulezi zinhlelo zemvelo futhi zakha izindawo ezigcwele impilo.
Kule ndatshana sizokutshela ngazo zonke izici nokubaluleka kwemvelo yasolwandle.
Yini imvelo yasolwandle
I-ecosystem yasolwandle iwuhlobo lwezinto eziphila emanzini, ezibonakala ngokuba namanzi anosawoti njengengxenye yawo eyinhloko. Imvelo yasolwandle ifaka phakathi imvelo eyahlukene, njenge izilwandle, izilwandle, amaxhaphozi kasawoti, izixhobo zamakhorali, amanzi angajulile asogwini, iziziba zemifula, amachibi asogwini lwamanzi anosawoti, ugu olunamadwala nezindawo ezisogwini.
Njengoba singacabanga, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle ndawonye zisekela ukuhlukahluka okumangazayo kwezitshalo nezilwane. Engxenyeni elandelayo sizobona ukuthi iziphi izitshalo zasolwandle kanye namaqembu ezilwane zasolwandle akha izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zalemvelo, kanye nezici eziyinhloko zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ezizichazayo.
Izici eziyinhloko
Ukuqoqwa kwayo yonke imvelo yasolwandle kuhlala kuma-70% womhlaba. Imvelo yasolwandle isatshalaliswa ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene ze-biogeographic. Afakiwe eqenjini lezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini. Akhiwe ngamanzi ngosawoti oncibilikisiwe njengengxenye eyinhloko. Ubuningi bamanzi kasawoti buphakeme kunabeminye imvelo yamanzi angenasawoti, eqinisekisa ukusinda kwezitshalo zasolwandle kanye nezilwane ezijwayelana nobuningi bamanzi.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezindawo, kuya ngokuthi zithola ukukhanya kwelanga, ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezindawo ezikhanyayo nezindawo ezingakhanyisiwe. Ukusebenza okujwayelekile kwemvelo yasolwandle kuncike kakhulu emisakazweni yolwandle, imisebenzi yemisinga yolwandle isuselwe ekuhlanganiseni nasekuhambiseni izakhamzimba ezahlukahlukene, ukuze izitshalo nezilwane ezihlala kulezi zinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zemvelo zikhule futhi ziphile.
Imvelo yasolwandle ingumthombo wengcebo enkulu yemvelo, eyenziwe ngezinto ezahlukahlukene zebhayoloji, njengezinto zokukhiqiza (izitshalo) kanye nabathengi bokuqala (izinhlanzi nezimbaza), abathengi besibili (izinhlanzi ezincane ezidla inyama) kanye nabathengi bezemfundo ephakeme (inhlanzi enkulu edlayo). Usayizi) nezinto ezibolayo (amabhaktheriya nesikhunta). Ngokulandelayo, izici ezithile ze-abiotic zichaza izici zalezi zinhlelo zemvelo, njenge izinga lokushisa, usawoti kanye nokucindezela kwamanzi alo, kanye nenani lokukhanya kwelanga elikutholayo.
Izimbali nezilwane zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle
Izitshalo ezingenakubalwa, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezicwilisiwe neziqhamukayo nezinhlobo ezintantayo, zakha izinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo ezinothile kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo zasolwandle. Zihlobene ngqo nezici zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle ezihlala, lezi zinhlobo zizokhombisa ezinye noma ezinye izinhlobo zokuphila futhi zizoba nezidingo ezithile ezibalulekile.
Ulwelwe luyizimbali ezinhle kakhulu zemvelo yasolwandle. Izinhlobonhlobo zemindeni, izizukulwane, nezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zenza indawo yokuphila yasolwandle igcwale impilo nombala, futhi ihlukaniswe ngo-algae owaziwa kakhulu onsundu, obomvu, noma oluhlaza. Amanye ama-microscopic (ama-diatom nama-dinoflagellates), kanti amanye athathwa njenge-macroalgae, ikakhulukazi i-algae enkulu ehlukanisiwe yohlobo lweMacrocystis. Ulwelwe luhlala lujwayela izinga lokushisa nezinye izici zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zamanzi lapho zikhula khona futhi zihlala khona, futhi zisatshalaliswa ezindaweni eziphila olwandle kuzo zonke izifunda zomhlaba.
Ngaphezu kwezimila zasolwandle, izitshalo zemvelo yasolwandle zifaka nezinhlobo eziningana zezitshalo, kufaka phakathi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-seaweeds (umndeni wezimbali ezinama-ringed, i-Cymodoceaceae, i-Ruppiaceae ne-Posidoniaceae), okuyizona kuphela izitshalo eziqhakazayo kulezi zinhlelo zemvelo; ama-mangroves (kufaka phakathi ama-mangroves: i-Rhizophora mangle nama-mangroves amhlophe: iLaguncularia racemosa nezinye izinhlobo) kanye ne-phytoplankton eningi.
Izilwandle, iziqhingi kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo zasolwandle ziyizindawo zokuhlala eziphilayo eziningi kakhulu emhlabeni, izilwane zamaqembu ahlukene, imindeni nezinhlobo zezilwane zihlala ebhalansi yezinto eziphilayo. Ama-vertebrate nama-invertebrates amakhulu namancane, njengama-microorganism, ahlangana ngokuvumelanayo ku-ecosystem yomhlaba. Lezi yizinhlobo eziyinhloko zezilwane esingazithola:
- Izilwane ezincelisayo Singathola zonke izinhlobo zemikhomo njenge-whale eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, umkhomo ompunga, imikhomo yesidoda, i-orcas, amahlengethwa ... njll.
- Izilwane ezihuquzelayo: Njengezinyoka zasolwandle, ufudu oluhlaza, ufudu lwe-hawksbill ... njll.
- Izinyoni: Lapho singathola khona ama-pelican, ama-seagulls, iqhude lasolwandle, i-osprey ... njll.
- Izinhlanzi: Lapha singathola zonke izinhlobo nokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanzi ezifana nopholi wezinhlanzi, izinhlanzi ezikhukhumezayo, izinhlanzi ezihlinzayo, izinhlanzi zebhokisi, izinhlanzi zamasayitshi, izinhlanzi zamantombazane, izinhlanzi zamatshe, izinhlanzi ze-toad, izinhlanzi zovemvane, kuphela, i-angelfish, imisebe, ama-sardine, ama-anchovies, i-tuna … Njll.
Izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle
- Indawo eyixhaphozi: Kusho ukungena echwebeni noma emfuleni lapho usawoti uphansi kunalokho esikuthola olwandle oluphakeme. Kungashiwo ukuthi yindawo ephakathi nendawo phakathi kwamanzi anosawoti namanzi ahlanzekile. Ziyizindawo ezivundile kakhulu.
- Amaxhaphozi: Yizifunda zamanzi anosawoti noma amachibi. Umhlaba omunca amanzi olwandle nasemifuleni, amanzi azolile futhi akukho ukunyakaza. Njengendawo yokuhlala, inikela ngezinsizakusebenza eziningi zezinhlanzi, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-mollusk, nezinambuzane.
- I-Estuary: Kuyisiziba semifula yasogwini, nezinguquko kasawoti, ngokuqhubekayo sithola umfula i-Aguadulce. Ububi esingabuthola kungaba izinkalankala, ama-oysters, izinyoka ngisho nami nezinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni, kanye nezinye izinhlobo.
- Imihlume: Angamahlathi akhula emgudwini ophakathi nendawo phakathi nolwandle kanye nolwandle. Izimila eziyinhloko ihlathi elincane eliguqulelwe emanzini anosawoti. Emanzini emihlume, siphinde sibe nezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanzi, izimfanzi noma izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezahlukahlukene, ezisebenzisa izihlahla njengendawo yokukhosela noma njengokudla nje.
- Izimfunda zasolwandle: Bangamanzi asogwini anokujula okungaba ngamamitha angama-25, amagagasi awanamandla kakhulu futhi umfula awuthwali ndawo. Omunye wemisebenzi ephambili yemibhede yotshani lolwandle ukuvimbela ukuguguleka kogu.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngemvelo yasolwandle kanye nezici zayo.