Emkhakheni wamandla enuzi, Imisebe yenuzi. Kuyaziwa nangegama le-radioactivity. Ukukhishwa okuzenzakalelayo kwezinhlayiya noma imisebe noma zombili ngasikhathi sinye. Lezi zinhlayiya nemisebe evela ekuqhekekeni kwama-nuclide athile azenzayo. Inhloso yamandla enuzi ukuhlakaza ukwakheka kwangaphakathi kwama-athomu ukukhiqiza amandla ngenqubo ye-fission yenuzi.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi iyini imisebe yenuzi, izici zayo nokubaluleka kwayo.
Izici eziyinhloko
Ukusebenza kwemisakazo kuyi- ukuphuma ngokuzenzakalela kwezinhlayiya noma imisebe, noma kokubili. Lezi zinhlayiya nemisebe evela ekuqhekekeni kwama-nuclide athile azakha. Zihlakazeka ngenxa yokuhleleka kwezakhiwo zangaphakathi.
Ukubola kwe-radioactive kwenzeka ku-nuclei engazinzile. Lokho wukuthi, lawo angenawo amandla anele okubopha ukubamba izakhi ndawonye. U-Antoine-Henri Becquerel uthole imisebe ngengozi. Kamuva, ngokuhlolwa kukaBecquerel, uMadame Curie wathola ezinye izinto ezikhipha imisebe. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zemisebe yenuzi: imisebe yokufakelwa neyemvelo.
I-radioactivity yemvelo yi-radioactivity eyenzeka emvelweni ngenxa yochungechunge lwezinto zemvelo ezikhipha imisebe kanye nemithombo engeyona eyemuntu. Bekulokhu kukhona emvelweni. Ukusebenza kwemvelo ngemisebe nakho kungakhuliswa ngezindlela ezilandelayo:
- Izimbangela zemvelo. Isibonelo, ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo.
- Izimbangela zabantu ezingaqondile. Isibonelo, ukumba ngaphansi komhlaba ukwakha isisekelo sesakhiwo noma ukuthuthukisa amandla enuzi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imisebe yokufakelwa iyona yonke imisebe enemisebe noma eveza imvelaphi yabantu. Umehluko kuphela phakathi kwemisebe yemvelo nemisebe eyenziwe ngumuntu kungumthombo wayo. Imiphumela yezinhlobo ezimbili zemisebe iyafana. Isibonelo se-radioactivity yokufakelwa yile i-radioactivity ekhiqizwe ekwenziweni kwemithi yenuzi noma ukusabela kwefission yenuzi ezitshalweni zamandla enuzi ukuthola amandla kagesi.
Kuzo zombili izimo, imisebe eqondile ye-ionizing imisebe ye-alpha nokubola kwe-beta okwenziwe ngama-electron. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imisebe ye-ionizing engaqondile yimisebe kagesi kagesi, njengemisebe ye-gamma, eyi-photon. Lapho kusetshenziswa noma kulahlwa imithombo yemisebe eyenziwe umuntu, njengemithombo yemisebe engokwemvelo, imfucumfucu enemisebe eyenziwayo ivame ukwenziwa.
Izinhlobo zemisebe yenuzi
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zemisebe yenuzi ezazikhishwa: imisebe ye-alpha, i-beta ne-gamma. Izinhlayiya ze-Alpha yilezo ezinenani elikhokhayo, izinhlayiya ze-beta zinegethivu, futhi imisebe ye-gamma ayithathi hlangothi.
Kungabhekwa imisebe ye-electromagnetic kwimisebe ye-gamma ne-X-ray. Izinhlayiya ezivela emisebeni ye-alpha ne-beta nazo ziyakhishwa. Uhlobo ngalunye lokukhishwa lunesikhathi esihlukile sokungena kumandla nodaba lwe-ionization. Siyazi ukuthi lolu hlobo lwemisebe yenuzi lungadala umonakalo omkhulu empilweni ngezindlela ezahlukene. Sizohlaziya imisebe yenuzi ngayinye ekhona nemiphumela yayo:
Izinhlayiya ze-Alpha
Izinhlayiya ze-Alpha (α) noma imisebe ye-alpha ziyindlela yemisebe ephezulu yezinhlayiyana ezinamandla. Cishe ayinamandla okungena ezicutshini ngoba zinkulu. Zakhiwa ngama-proton amabili nama-neutron amabili, abanjwa ndawonye ngamandla amakhulu.
Imisebe ye-Alpha, ngenxa yokukhokhiswa kwayo ngogesi, ihlangana ngokuqinile nodaba. Zithathwa kalula yilokho okubhaliwe. Bangandiza kuphela amasentimitha ambalwa emoyeni. Zingangena engxenyeni engaphandle yesikhumba somuntu, ngakho-ke azisongeli impilo ngaphandle kokuthi umthombo udonswe ngaphakathi noma ungeniswe. Kulokhu, noma kunjalo, umonakalo uzokuba mkhulu kunalowo odalwe yiminye imisebe ye-ionizing. Ngezilinganiso eziphakeme, zonke izimpawu ezijwayelekile zobuthi bemisebe zizovela.
Izinhlayiya ze-beta
Imisebe ye-Beta iyindlela yemisebe ye-ionizing ekhishwa yizinhlobo ezithile ze-nuclei enemisebe. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokusebenzisana kwezinhlayiya ze-alpha, ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinhlayiya ze-beta nodaba kuvame ukuba nobubanzi obukhulu obuphindwe kayishumi namandla e-ionization alingana nokweshumi. Zivinjwe ngokuphelele ngamamilimitha ambalwa we-aluminium.
Izinhlayiya zeGamma
Imisebe yeGamma yimisebe kagesi ekhiqizwa yi-radioactivity. Basimamisa i-nucleus ngaphandle kokushintsha okuqukethwe kwayo kwe-proton. Zingena zijule kunemisebe ye-β, kepha banezinga eliphansi le-ionization.
Lapho i-nucleus ejabule kakhulu ye-athomu ikhipha imisebe ye-gamma, ubukhulu bayo nenombolo ye-athomu ngeke ishintshe. Uzolahlekelwa kuphela amandla athile. Imisebe yeGamma ingadala umonakalo omkhulu kuma-cell nuclei, yingakho isetshenziselwa ukuvala inzalo imishini yezokwelapha kanye nokudla.
Imisebe yenuzi ezitshalweni zamandla
Isikhungo samandla enuzi yisikhungo sezimboni esisebenzisa amandla enuzi ukukhiqiza ugesi. Kuyingxenye yomndeni wezitshalo zamandla ezishisayo, okusho ukuthi isebenzisa ukushisa ukukhiqiza ugesi. Lokhu kushisa kuqhamuka ekubunjweni kwezinto ezifana ne-uranium ne-plutonium. Ukusebenza kwezikhungo zamandla enuzi kuncike ukusetshenziswa kokushisa ukushayela ama-turbine ngokusebenzisa isenzo somhwamuko wamanzi, ezixhunywe kuma-generator. I-reactor fission reactor iyisikhungo esingaqala, sigcine futhi silawule ukusabela kochungechunge lwe-fission, futhi sinezindlela ezanele zokususa ukushisa okwenziwe. Ukuthola umhwamuko wamanzi, i-uranium noma i-plutonium isetshenziswa njengophethiloli. Inqubo ingenziwa lula ngezigaba ezinhlanu:
- Ukufakwa kwe-uranium kwenzeka kusiphenduli senuzi, kukhipha amandla amaningi okushisa amanzi aze aphele.
- Intuthu ihanjiswa ku-generator ye-steam turbine ebekwe ku-loop yomusi.
- Uma usufikile, izindwani ze-turbine ziyajikeleza futhi zihambise i-generator ngaphansi kwesenzo somusi, ngaleyo ndlela kuguqulwe amandla womshini abe amandla kagesi.
- Lapho umhwamuko wamanzi udlula ku-turbine, uthunyelwa ku-condenser, lapho uphola khona bese uphenduka uketshezi.
- Ngemuva kwalokho, amanzi ayathuthwa ukuthola umusi futhi, ngaleyo ndlela avale isekethe lamanzi.
Izinsalela ze-uranium fission zigcinwa ngaphakathi kwefektri, kumachibi akhethekile kakhonkolo wezinto ezinomsakazo.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi iyini imisebe yenuzi kanye nezici zayo.