Umuntu emlandweni ubangele abaningi imithelela eplanethi. Imithelela ibiphawuleka kakhulu futhi ibalulekile, yaba yinto engalungiseki, ngemuva kwenguquko yezimboni. Ukukhathazeka ngemiphumela emibi edalwa ngumuntu emvelweni kuvela ekonakaleni kwemvelo, ukulahleka kwemvelo ehlukahlukene, ukungcola komoya, kwamanzi nenhlabathi nokuncipha kwemithombo yemvelo.

Kulokhu kukhathazeka ngemvelo, sengeza ukukhathazeka osekuvele kukhona kwezempilo nenhlalakahle, okwandisa ikhwalithi yempilo nokuqinisekisa isikhathi esihle sokuphila. Lezi zimo zithinteka yi ukuthuthukiswa komnotho kanye nedolobha womuntu, lapho imisebenzi yezomnotho idala imithelela emithonjeni yemvelo, ezimila nasezilwanyaneni.

Umthelela wezemvelo ezinhlelweni zemvelo

Ngesidingo se- ukuvikela ukwehlukahlukana kweplanethi futhi sigcine ukusebenza kwemvelo njengoba siyazi, kuvela imikhakha yosongo yezinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo nezilwane ezitholakele engozini yokuqothulwa noma isibalo sabantu sisehla. Kusukela lapho abantu beqala ukwenza imisebenzi yabo yezomnotho njengokuxhashazwa kwezinsizakusebenza (i-hydrological, izimayini, ezolimo, njll.), Imithelela ethile ikhiqizwa emvelweni. Le mithelela idala imiphumela ezimileni nasezilwaneni ezikhona kulezo zindawo eziholela ekuguqulweni kwendlela yazo yokuphila. Isibonelo, ezolimo zibanga ukuhlukaniswa kwemvelo, ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo kubangela ukulahleka kokuqhubeka ezindaweni zokuhlala, njll.

Le mithelela yenza izimbali nezilwane zingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zokuphila ezijwayelekile lapho kuvela izimo ezintsha. Ukufunwa kokudla namanzi kuba nzima, kuzalwa izifo ezintsha, ukufuduka kanye nokufuna ukufihla ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye kuba nzima kakhulu ... Konke lokhu kusho ukuthi izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane azikwazi ukuzivumelanisa kahle nalezi zimo zokuphila ezintsha ezibangelwa imisebenzi yokuba ngumuntu, futhi, ngeshwa, azikwazi ukusinda, okudala ukwehla kwabantu.

Ama-ecosystems angamanethiwekhi ayinkimbinkimbi okuxhumana phakathi kwezinhlobo ezishintshana ngamandla ngendlela ezinzile ebizwa ibhalansi yemvelo. Ngokuthinta lokhu kulinganiselwa kwemvelo, inani labantu liyancipha, futhi ngokuya ngenani lobudlelwano obukhona ku-ecosystem, kuzoba sengozini enkulu ekuwohlokeni okuphelele. I-ecosystem enezinhlobo ezimbalwa zezilwane isengozini enkulu ekuthintekeni kwabantu kanye nemvelo. Izilwane nezitshalo ezincipha ngaphansi kombundu zihlukaniswe njenge- "engozini yokuqothulwa".

Sebenza ngaphambi kokuhlukaniswa ngezigaba

Ukuze sikhulume ngezigaba zosongo enanini lezilwane nezitshalo, kufanele siqale sihlaziye isimo sokongiwa kwemvelo ye-ecosystem kanye nalezi zinhlobo. Isimo sokongiwa kwemvelo saziwa njenge amathuba okuthi uhlobo oluthile luzoqhubeka lukhona njengamanje noma esikhathini esizayo esingekude kakhulu. Ukwenza lokhu, inani labantu elikhona njengamanje lohlobo oluthile kanye nokuthambekela kwalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kufanele lihlaziywe. Ngale ndlela, inani labo labantu lingabikezelwa esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, inqobo nje uma izimo ababhekene nazo zihlala zizinzile. Uma kukhona izidalwa ezintsha noma ezinye izinsongo (kufaka phakathi imithelela yabantu) ezingaguqula indawo yazo yokuhlala nezimo zokuphila, kuzodingeka ukuthi kuhlolisiswe ukuthi izinhlobo zezilwane zizovela kanjani ezimweni ezinjalo.

Zavela kanjani izigaba zokusongela?

Izigaba zokusongela izitshalo nezilwane zivele ekuhlukanisweni kwazo. Maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX Linnaeus ushicilele indlela yokuhlukanisa zonke izinto eziphilayo. Lezi yizigaba zentela futhi ezinye Izinhlobo eziyizigidi eziyi-1,4. Izilwane ezinomgogodla, ngenxa yolwazi lwazo olukhulu, zisetshenziswa njengezinkomba zebhayoloji futhi, ngokuvamile, kwenziwa imizamo yokulondolozwa okukhulu kunayo yonke.

Ngenxa yesilinganiso semvelo esishiwo ngenhla, ukuze kulondolozwe ama-vertebrate, izidingo zazo ze-trophic kanye nokuncika kwendawo yazo kufanele kufundwe. Yingakho kumele kuqinisekiswe isimo esihle sokongiwa kwemvelo Lapho zihlala khona futhi kufanele futhi zilondoloze izinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane ezithembele kuzo, ukuze kugcinwe ukulingana kwemvelo okuzigcina zizinzile.

Indlela yokuhlola yokuvikelwa kwezinhlobo

Ukuze uhlukanise lezi zinhlobo ngokwezinga losongo lwazo, kwenziwa izivivinyo ezahlukahlukene kubantu betekisi ababicwaninga ukuze bayinikeze isigaba sosongo noma uyiphathe njengengasongelwanga.

• Umbandela A kusekelwe ocwaningweni lokwehliswa kwenani labantu abavuthiwe ngesikhathi esibekiwe.
• Umbandela B icwaninga ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo okuncishisiwe kuye ngobungako bobukhona bezinhlobo nendawo okuhlala kuyo abantu empeleni.
• Umbandela C Kususelwa kwinani labantu abavuthiwe ekwehleni okuqhubekayo ngenxa yemithelela ebangelwa yimvelo.
• Umbandela D inani eliphelele labantu abavuthiwe abakhona endaweni yokuhlala.
• Umbandela E ihlaziya amathuba okuqothulwa ngamaphesenti wabantu ngeyunithi yesikhathi.

Uma kutholakala ukuthi uhlobo oluthile lwesilwane alusayifezi imibandela okwakucatshangwa ukuthi isongelwa yona, kufanele ihlolwe ngokwesisekelo sezinye izindlela hhayi ukuthi isuswe ohlwini.

Izigaba zokusongela ngokusho kwe-IUCN

Kunezindlela eziningi zokuhlukanisa izilwane ezinabantu bazo abayingozi. Okuyaziwa kakhulu imikhakha yosongo esungulwe yi- I-International Union Yokongiwa Kwemvelo (IUCN). I-IUCN ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezihlupheka ngohlobo oluthile losongo kulokho okwaziwayo izincwadi ezibomvu y uhlu olubomvu.

Ukuze itekisi lisongelwe, kwanele ukuthi lihlangabezana nenqubo eyodwa kuphela ebhalwe ngenhla. Lezi yizigaba zosongo ngokusho kwe-IUCN:

-Ukuqothulwa (EX): Akukho kungabaza ngokunyamalala komuntu wokugcina.

-Ukuqothulwa endle (EW): Iphila kuphela ezitshalweni noma emabhange ezimbewu nasemalabhorethri.

-Okusemngciphekweni Okubucayi (CR): Ingcuphe enkulu yokuqothulwa, egcwalisa noma yiziphi izindlela ezibekiwe ngemuva kocwaningo olwenziwe ezinhlotsheni nokuzifaka ku uhlu olubomvu. Ukuze uhlobo oluthile lwezilwane lusengozini enkulu, kufanele luhambisane nalokhu okulandelayo:

• Inani labantu lincishiswe ngama-80-90% wabantu ngeminyaka eyi-10 noma izizukulwane ezi-3.
• Ukunwetshwa kwayo okuphelele kungaphansi kwe-100 km2 noma umsebenzi wayo ungaphansi kwe-10 km2.
• Inani labantu abavuthiwe lingaphansi kwama-50.
• Amathuba okuqothulwa angama-50% eminyakeni eyi-10 nezizukulwane ezi-3.

-Okusengozini (EN): Ingcuphe enkulu yokuqothulwa. Namuhla kunezinhlobo eziningi emhlabeni ezisengcupheni yokuqothulwa. Ukuze ubhekwe njengengcuphe, kufanele uthobele lokhu okulandelayo:

• Inani labantu lincishiswe ngama-50-70% wabantu ngeminyaka eyi-10 noma izizukulwane ezi-3
• Indawo yayo yokwelulwa ingaphansi kuka-5.000 km2 nomsebenzi wayo yi-500 km2.
• Inani labantu abavuthiwe lingaphansi kwama-250.
• Amathuba okuqothulwa kwawo angama-20% eminyakeni engama-20 noma izizukulwane ezinhlanu.

-Isengozini (VU): Ingcuphe yokuqothulwa ephezulu. Uhlobo olusengozini alusengozini yokuqothulwa, kepha ngenxa yesimo salo, indlela yalo yokuphila noma ukuvezwa yimithelela ehlukene nemisebenzi yabantu, inani lalo labantu liyancipha. Ukuze uhlobo oluthile lwezilwane lubhekwe njengolusengozini, kufanele luhambisane nalokhu okulandelayo:

• Inani labantu lincishiswe ngama-30-50% wabantu ngeminyaka eyi-10 noma izizukulwane ezi-3.
• Indawo yayo yokwelulwa ingaphansi kuka-20.000 km2 kanti umsebenzi wayo ungaphansi kuka-2.000 km2.
• Inani eliphelele labantu abavuthiwe lingaphansi kuka-1.000 XNUMX.
• Amathuba okuqothulwa kwalezi zinhlobo ayi-10% eminyakeni eyikhulu.

-Eduze Kokusongelwa (NT): Akuhlangabezani nanoma iyiphi imibandela kepha kusondele kakhulu ukuhlangabezana nayo.

-Ukukhathazeka Okuncane (LC): Ziyi-taxa eningi ngokusatshalaliswa okubanzi. Imvamisa zibhekwa ngandlela thile ukunquma ukuthi inani labo liyancipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

-Idatha enganele (DD): Alukho ulwazi olwanele olungahlolwa kepha lungasongelwa. Namuhla kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo, ikakhulukazi ezasolwandle, ezingenayo imininingwane eyanele yokwakha izigaba zosongo. Kunzima ukutadisha ngenxa yobubanzi babo nokuba yinkimbinkimbi kwabo ekufinyeleleni izindawo zabo zokuhlala.

-Akuhlolwa (NE): Akukaze kuhlolwe kepha kungasongelwa.

Izinhlobo ezisongelwayo kufanele zihlolwe ngezikhathi ezithile (ikakhulukazi lezo eziseduze nokusongelwa). Ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zigaba esikalini sesifunda kubalulekile kubantu abaningi.

Ukuze kube nesibopho sokuvikela izinhlobo zezilwane nezitshalo, kufanele kube nomthetho obophezelayo. EYurophu sekuthuthukile i-Habitats Directive 92/43 CEE. Ngayo, inethiwekhi yezikhala zemvelo ezivikelekile seyakhiwe ezingeni laseYurophu elibizwa ngeNatura 2000 Network. Inhloso yayo yokuphatha nokongiwa ukuvikela imvelo lapho kuhlala khona izinhlobo zezilwane ezisongelwayo. ESpain kunjalo Umthetho 42/2007 ngamagugu emvelo kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo ophethe ukuvikela izitshalo nezilwane.

Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuvikela imvelo ukuze kuvikelwe izimo zokuphila zezilwane nezinhlobo zezitshalo. Ngenxa yomthetho wamanje futhi imizamo yezinhlangano eziningi zemvelo kutholwa imiphumela emihle kakhulu ekuvikeleni izinhlobo zezinto ezisengozini yokuqothulwa. Yize noma kunjalo umsebenzi okusamele wenziwe mkhulu kusukela isikhathi ngasinye lapho izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni zilahlekelwa yizinhlobo zezilwane ngezinga elingenakulinganiswa.