Muzvisikwa kune mhando dzakasiyana dzezvisikwa maererano nehunhu hwavo uye nharaunda kwavanowanikwa. Imwe yeacosystems ndiyo yegungwa. Marine ecosystems ndeaya anogamuchira huwandu hwakawanda hwehupenyu uye hwakasiyana uye hwakakura sosi yezvisikwa zvezvirimwa, mhuka, zvidiki uye mamorekuru. Kunyangwe kuoneka kwe zvisikwa zvegungwa Zvinogona kutaridzika kunge zvakafanana, ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzakasiyana kwazvo dzepasi. Iine hunhu hwakasiyana kubva kumatanda kuenda kumatropiki pasi rese. Kune mamirioni enharaunda dzezvipenyu zvinogara mune izvi zvisikwa uye zvinoumba nzvimbo dzizere nehupenyu.
Muchikamu chino tichaudza iwe nezve zvese hunhu uye kukosha kwezvisikwa zvegungwa.
Ndezvipi zvisikwa zvegungwa
Iyo marine ecosystem mhando yemumvura yezvinhu zvipenyu, inozivikanwa nekuve nemvura ine munyu sechinhu chayo chikuru. Marine ecosystems anosanganisira akasiyana ecosystem, senge makungwa, makungwa, materu emunyu, matombo ekorari, asina kudzika emahombekombe egungwa, makungwa, makungwa emvura yemunyu, mahombekombe ane matombo, nenzvimbo dzemahombekombe.
Sezvatinogona kufungidzira, zvakasiyana siyana zvegungwa zvisikwa pamwe zvinotsigira kusiyana kunoshamisa kwezvirimwa nemhuka. Muchikamu chinotevera tichaona kuti ndezvipi zvirimwa zvegungwa nemapoka emhuka dzemumvura zvinoumba zvipenyu zvakasiyana zvezvinhu zvipenyu izvi, uye hunhu hukuru uye hwemakemikari anozvitsanangura.
Mhando huru
Iko kuunganidzwa kwezvose zvisikwa zvegungwa zvinotora 70% yepasi pevhu. Zvisikwa zvegungwa zvinoparadzirwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzebiogeographic. Izvo zvinosanganisirwa muboka rezvinhu zvipenyu zvemumvura. Izvo zvinoumbwa nemvura ine munyu wakanyauka sechinhu chikuru. Kuwanda kwemvura yemunyu kwakakwirira kupfuura iyo yemamwe mafashama emvura emvura, ayo anovimbisa kurarama kwezvirimwa zvemugungwa nemhuka dzinoenderana neiyi huwandu hwemvura.
Kune mhando mbiri dzenzvimbo, zvinoenderana nekuti vanowana mwenje wezuva, kusiyanisa pakati penzvimbo dzakajeka nenzvimbo dzisina kuvhenekerwa. Kugara uchishanda kwenzvimbo dzegungwa dzinoenderana zvakanyanya nemafungu egungwa, mashandiro emvura yegungwa akavakirwa mukuunganidza pamwe nekutakura zvinovaka muviri zvakasiyana, kuitira kuti mhuka nemhuka dzinogara munzvimbo idzi dzakaomarara dzinogona kukura nekurarama.
Marine ecosystems ndiko kunobva hupfumi hukuru, hwakaumbwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana zvehupenyu, senge zvigadzirwa zvekugadzira (zvirimwa) uye vatengi vekutanga (hove nemollusks), vatengi vechipiri (hove diki dzinodya) uye vatengi vepamusoro (hove huru dzinodya). Saizi) uye zvipenyu zvinoora (mabhakitiriya uye fungi). Nekudaro, zvimwe zvinhu zveabiootic zvinotsanangura hunhu hwezvisikwa izvi, senge tembiricha, munyu uye kumanikidza kwemvura yaro, uye huwandu hwechiedza chezuva chaunowana.
Maruva uye fauna yezvisikwa zvegungwa
Miti isingaverengeki, kusanganisira akanyudzwa uye ari kubuda marudzi uye ari kuyangarara marudzi, anoumba akapfuma chirimwa biodiversity yezvose zvisikwa zvegungwa. Yakanangana nehunhu uye makemikari hunhu hwemhando dzezvinhu zvegungwa zvinogara, idzi mhando ivo vacharatidza mamwe kana mamwe marudzi ehupenyu uyezve vane zvimwe zvakakosha zvakakosha.
Algae ndiwo maruva akanakisa ezvisikwa zvegungwa. Mhando dzakasiyana dzemhuri, genera, uye zvipuka zvinoita gungwa ecosystem izere nehupenyu uye neruvara, uye yakakamurwa kuita inowanzozivikanwa brown, tsvuku, kana girini algae. Mimwe microscopic (diatoms uye dinoflagellates), nepo dzimwe dzichionekwa semacroalgae, kunyanya iyo hofori ine stratified algae yerudzi rweMacrocystis. Algae inogara ichienderana netembiricha uye humwe hunhu uye makemikari maficha emvura kwaanokura nekugara, uye anoparadzirwa munzvimbo dzegungwa mumatunhu ese epasi.
Pamusoro pegungwa, maruva ezvisikwa zvegungwa anosanganisirawo akati wandei marudzi emiti, kusanganisira anonzi marwaweeds (ringed flower family, Cymodoceaceae, Ruppiaceae uye Posidoniaceae), ayo ega maruva maruva mune izvi zvisikwa; mangrove (kusanganisira mangrove: Rhizophora mangle uye machena mangroves: Laguncularia racemosa uye mamwe marudzi) uye yakawanda phytoplankton.
Makungwa, kumahombekombe uye zvimwe zvisikwa zvegungwa zvinoumba dzimwe nzvimbo dzine zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana pasi rose, mhuka dzemapoka akasiyana, mhuri uye zvipenyu zvinogara pamwe chete muhupenyu. Vertebrates uye invertebrates makuru uye madiki, senge tupukanana tudiki, anogara pamwe chete muchimiro chegungwa chepasi. Aya ndiwo marudzi makuru emhuka dzatinogona kuwana:
- Zvipfuwo Tinogona kuwana mhando dzese dzehove dzakadai seblue whale, grey whale, sperm whale, orcas, dolphins ... nezvimwe.
- Zvipuka Zvakadai senyoka dzegungwa, iyo yegreen turtle, iyo hawksbill turtle ... nezvimwe.
- Shiri: Kwatinogona kuwana pelicans, seagulls, gungwa jongwe, iyo osprey ... nezvimwe.
- Hove: Pano tinogona kuwana marudzi ese uye kupatsanura hove dzakadai separoti hove, puffer hove, chiremba wekuvhiya, hove yebhokisi, hove yesergeant, hove dzemusikana, hove dzematombo, hove yehove, butterfish hove, yega, angelfish, mwaranzi, sardines, anchovies, tuna … Nezvimwe.
Mhando dzezvinhu zvegungwa
- Wetland: Icho chinoreva kumusuwo wegungwa kana rwizi uko munyu uri pasi pane izvo zvatinogona kuwana mumakungwa makuru. Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti inzvimbo yepakati pakati pemvura yemunyu uye yakachena mvura. Idzo nzvimbo dzakaorera kwazvo.
- Nhova: Idzo inzvimbo dzemvura yemunyu kana yegungwa. Nyika inotora mvura kubva mumakungwa nenzizi, mvura yakanyarara uye hapana kana kufamba. Senzvimbo yekugara, inopa zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvehove, mhando dzakasiyana dzeemollusks, uye zvipembenene.
- Estuary: Ndicho chikepe chehova dzenzvimbo dzemahombekombe, neshanduko munyu, ichigara ichigamuchira rwizi rweAguadulce. Huipi hwatinogona kuwana hunogona kunge makamba, hove, nyoka uye kunyange ini uye mhando zhinji dzeshiri, pamwe nedzimwe mhando.
- Mangrove: Iwo masango anokura pakati penzira pakati pechikepe negungwa. Huru huswa isango diki rakagadziridzwa kuita mvura ine hunyoro. Mumvura yemangrove, isu zvakare tine dzakasiyana siyana hove, shrimp kana zvakasiyana zvinokambaira, izvo zvinoshandisa miti senzvimbo yekugara kana kungori sekudya.
- Mafuro egungwa: Iwo ari emahombekombe emvura ane hudzamu hweanosvika makumi maviri nemashanu m, mafungu haana kusimba zvakanyanya uye rwizi runotakura inenge isina sediment. Rimwe remabasa makuru emabhedha ehuswa hwegungwa ndeyekudzivirira kukokora kwemahombekombe.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve zvisikwa zvegungwa uye hunhu hwazvo.