Rimwe remapoka makuru emhuka anoumba humambo ihwohwo zvipembenene. Invertebrates inomiririra 95% yemarudzi ese emhuka anozivikanwa nhasi. Hunhu hukuru hwavanochengeta pakati pavo ndechekuti havana bone system. Naizvozvo, havana musana kana chero mhando yebhonzo chero kupi mumuviri. Ivo vanowanikwa munzvimbo dzinenge dzose dzekugara pasi redu kubva pamvura inopisa kusvika pakadzika yegungwa kana nzvimbo dzakagwamba nechando.
Muchikamu chino tichaenda kukuudza zvese hunhu, kupatsanura, biology uye kuda kuziva kwevasingaiteve.
Mhando huru
Kune akawanda maitiro einvertebrates. Seizvo izwi ravo rinoratidza kuti havana vertebrae. Nechikonzero ichi, vanoshaya vertebral column uye yemukati mafupa senge ari mune emhuka. Kazhinji mhuka dzine saizi diki uye dzimwe dzadzo dzine zvivakwa zvekudzivirira zvakaita segobvu, makomba uye mabutiro akasiyana siyana.
Idzo mhuka dzinokwanisa kubudirira mune chero nharaunda chero ipi pasi redu. Tsvagiridzo yake yakagara iri sparser yakapihwa rondedzero yakaoma uye kurerutsa kugona kwayo. Semuenzaniso, hapana ruzivo rwakawanda nezve kukosha kwayo kune economics nesainzi. Uye hazvisi izvo zvekuti zvakakosha zvakanyanya kugovana mutsika uye chikafu. Nekugara nehungwaru uye kuve mudiki, havakweve kukwezva kwakanyanya uye havanyanyo kubatikana nehupenyu hwevanhu.
Kunyangwe zvese izvi zvataurwa, invertebrates ndidzo dzinoumba huzhinji hwezvinhu zvipenyu zvatinoziva nhasi. Vanopfuura mamirioni 1.8 mamirioni emarudzi apera, ayo mazana mapfumbamwe nemakumi mapfumbamwe emakumi mapfumbamwe aive emhuka dzesimba dziripo panyika ino.
Mazhinji evaya vasina mafuro vanogara mumvura yakachena. Aya ecosystems inzizi, nyanza, madziva uye madziva, pakati pevamwe. Iri boka remhuka tinowana zvipembenene, crustaceans, mollusks, annelids uye flatworms. Kuwanda uye kusiyanisa kweaya macroinvertebrate ndizvo zvinhu zvinoshandiswa seanoratidzira. Mune mamwe mazwi, vhidhiyo yechiratidzo ndiyo mhuka inoratidza mamiriro ehurongwa uye zvipenyu zviripo munzvimbo iyoyo. Semuenzaniso, kune akasiyana crustaceans ayo ari zviratidzo zvehunhu hwakanaka hwemvura. Ndokunge, kungovapo kweiyo crustacean mumuviri wemvura zvinoreva kuti hunhu hwayo hwakanaka. Zvikasadaro, iyi mhuka haigone kurarama munzvimbo idzi.
Bioindicators ine nzvimbo iri kuwedzera muzvidzidzo zvesainzi uye inofambisa zvakanyanya chokwadi chekuita mabvunzo kuti uone kunaka kwemvura munzvimbo zhinji.
Basa rezvipembenene muzvinhu zvakasikwa
Zvizhinji zvezvipembenene zvakakosha kuti zvishande sekudya kwezvimwe zvipuka uye nekushandura zvinhu zvakasikwa. Kune zvakare mhuka dzisingapindike dzinoshanda sezvikara mumadziva madiki mune kushomeka kwehove. Idzi invertebrates dzinova dzinonyanya zvikara zve zooplankton
Kune akawanda mapoka emhuka idzi asina mapfupa, kunyange hazvo makuru acho ari arthropods. Arthropods iri phylum yezvisingaite zvinemabhiza zvine huwandu hukuru hwemhuka mavari. Isu tinowana dzakasiyana invertebrate phyla sezvavari porifers, cnidarians, flatworms, mollusks, annelids, nematodes, arthropods uye echinoderms. Mune yega yega phylum tinowana dzinosvika zviuru mazana manomwe nemakumi manomwe ezviuru uye zvinopfuura miriyoni, mune arthropods.
Kune zvekare mafirivhu asingatenderi semasiponji. Idzo mhuka dzechinyakare uye dzakareruka dzakatetepa uye dzinokura uye dzichirarama dzakadzika midzi muvhu kana mumatombo. Masiponji egungwa anonyanya kudya izvo zvinowana mukati memvura uye anozvipfuudza nerwizi kuburikidza nemukati menzira yemuviri wavo.
Muboka recnidarians isu tine jellyfish. Idzo imhuka dzine chimiro chesaga iyo kuvhura kwayo chete kunogadzira muromo uye unobatana negastrovascular cavity. Iyi mhango inoonekwa sedumbu rechinyakare. Ine matende ane maseru akasarudzika anonzi cnidoblasts ane zvinhu zvinokachidza ndeyekuti ivo vanoshanda sedziviriro uye kurwisa kune avo vavabata uye zvikara. Havafambi sezvavanorega yazvino ichivatakura zvakasununguka.
Kune rimwe divi, mukati memvura invertebrates yemumvura isu zvakare tine corrals. Idzi dzinoramba dzakasungirirwa muvhu pamatombo.
Invertebrates: flatworms, mollusks uye annelids
Flatworms haanyatso kuzivikanwa uye anowanzozonzi flatworms. Mumapoka aya mune vanoronga uye trematode. Ivo vanowanzo kupa yakasununguka uye yakasarudzika nzira yehupenyu. Ivo vane yepakati tsinga system iyo inokwanisa kugadzirisa iro ruzivo rwunounganidzwa nemeso uye nezvimwe zvakaomarara zvimiro.
Muboka remakungu tine hozhwa, mbutu, squid kana octopus. Vamwe vacho vane rakaomarara goko rekudzivirira. Nhengo dzemukati dzemhuka idzi dzinoumba huremu hwekutarisa uye muviri wavo unetsoka yetsandanyama. Mukati memollusks mune makirasi matatu pakati payo maGastropods, bivalves uye cephalopods anomira. Mukirasi yega yega mune zviuru zvemarudzi.
Annelids zvakare haina mapfupa uye chinonyanya kuzivikanwa igonye repasi. Kazhinji mhuka dzine muviri wesirinda uye dzakakamurwa kuita zvindori. Idzi mhuka dziripo metameria, ndiko kuti, vane dzimwe nhengo dzinodzokorora yega yemhete. Muviri unowanzo kufukidzwa nemamousu kuitira kufamba kuri nani.
Invertebrates: nematodes, arthropods uye echinoderms
Muboka rematodes tinowana makonye akatenderera. Ivo vanogona kuve vemahara-kurarama kana maparasiti. Iwo anowanzo kuwanikwa munzvimbo dzinogara mumvura uye muvhu. Ivo vanowanzo kuve vakapatsanurwa uye vane hunhu hunhu kune kwavo kufamba.
Muboka reArthropods tinowana zvipembenene, arachnids uye crustaceans. Idzi mhuka dzine rakanyanya kujekesa dhizaini yemuviri neakawedzera. Iyi exoskeleton inoumbwa nechitin uye yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu uye zvinowedzera. Vazhinji vavo vane metamorphosis maitiro ekugona kusvika kune yakasarudzika danho revakuru. Pakati pemapoka akajairika eArthropods yatinayo mamirioni, arachnids, crustaceans uye zvipembenene.
Chekupedzisira, mune iro boka reechinoderms tinowana nyeredzi uye urchin yegungwa. Idzo ndidzo mhuka dzegungwa dziri padyo nemhuka dzemhuka. Iwo akaumbwa nezvikamu zvishanu zvakafanana uye haana mapfupa asi mapfupa ekunze ayo akaumbwa nemaplate mahwendefa. Ivo vane hukuru hukuru hwekuzvarwa patsva.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pemhuka dzisingapindike.