Chinhu chakapfava chakazara muchadenga ihydrogen. Inogona kuwanikwa muchimiro chegasi mune zvese nyeredzi nemapuraneti uye zvakare iri chikamu cheakasiyana makemikari uye organic makomisheni akadai semvura. The mvura yehydrogen inogona kunge iine zvimwe zvinonakidza zvikumbiro muzvikamu zvakasiyana zveindasitiri.
Naizvozvo, isu tichakumikidza chinyorwa ichi kuti tikuudze zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezve liquid hydrogen, maitiro ayo uye mawanirwo ayo.
Hydrogen yakawanda
Hydrogen inomiririra zvinopfuura 70% zvezvinhu zvinooneka zviri muchadenga, izvo zvinoita kuti ive chinhu chakanyanya kuwanda. Inogona kuwanikwa pakati penyeredzi diki, mumhepo yemapuraneti makuru ane gasi (seJupiter neVenus), sematanho ari pamusoro penyika, uye sechikamu chezviuru zveorganic uye inorganic makomisheni mune zvakasikwa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, maitiro mazhinji ehupenyu anozvitonga kunze.
Kune akati wandei isotopes ehydrogen (maatomu echinhu chimwe chemakemikari, asi ane nhamba dzakasiyana dzemanyuturoni):
- Protium (1H). Yakagadzirwa nemaproton, hapana manyuturoni munyucleus. Ndiyo yakajairika shanduro yehydrogen.
- Deuterium (2H). Inorema kudarika hydrogenwo zvayo, uye musimboti wayo une neutron imwe uye proton imwe.
- Tritium (3H). Iine manyuturoni maviri mukati memwoyo padyo neproton, izvo zvinoita kuti ireme.
Mhando huru
Tinogona kuzvitsanangura zvinoenderana nehukuru hunhu hwemvura hydrogen:
- Iyo yekubikira yakaderera, izvo zvinogona kukonzera chando kana hypothermia. Inogona kutokonzera matambudziko ekufema uye kutadza kufema kana ikafemerwa.
- Nekuda kwekupisa kwemvura yehydrogen, inogona kugadzira aizi kana yasangana nehunyoro mumhepo, iyo inogona kuvhara mavharuvhu nekuvhurwa kwematangi ako ekuchengetera.
- Inoramba ichinyungudika uye inogadzira hydrogen, iyo inofanira kucheneswa uye kudziviswa zvakachengeteka kudzivirira kusanganiswa nemhepo yakapfupika mumhepo, kubatidza uye kuputika.
- Kuwanda kwemhute yakaguta kunogona kuita kuti gore rakaumbwa riyerere rakachinjika kana kudzika kana mvura yehaidhirojeni yapukunyuka.
Izvo zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti kune akati wandei hydrogen kugadzira maitiro anoshandisa akasiyana mbishi zvinhu uye simba. Kubva pane izvi zvinhu, tinogona kutaura kuti mune imwe chikamu 100% inovandudzwa maitiro anogadzirwa, 100% fossil kana yakasanganiswa. Mukuwedzera, ivo vanogona kuitiswa munzvimbo dzepakati uye diki diki padyo nenzvimbo yekushandisa. Nokudaro, simba rinogona kuwanikwa kunyange munzvimbo dziri kure zvikuru.
Iyo Liquid Hydrogen Inochengetwa Sei
Kuita kuti mvura yehydrogen iwane pundutso mune zveupfumi uye kuwana kushandiswa kwayo kwakapararira kunoenda kuburikidza nekuchengetedza kwakakwana kwehydrogen zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zviripo zvekufambisa kwayo kunotevera uye kugovera kubva panzvimbo yekugadzirwa kusvika pakushandisa.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti masisitimu uye mamiriro ayo hydrogen inofanira kuchengetwa zvinoenderana nekupedzisira kushandiswa. Nenzira iyi tinogona kusiyanisa:
- Stationary hydrogen kuchengetedza system, inokodzera maindasitiri uye epamba kana kugovera magetsi ekugadzira zvikumbiro. Muchiitiko ichi, pane zvinenge zvisingabvumirwi maererano nenzvimbo yakagarwa, uremu, vhoriyamu kana kushandiswa kwemasangano ekubatsira.
- Ukuwo, hydrogen kuchengetedza masisitimu emotokari ivo vanopa hushoma kuti vaone kuti mota dzine mhando dzakafanana nedzechinyakare mota. Pamusoro pezvo, kune zvinoshanda uye zvine simba zvekushandisa hydrogen zvinodiwa, izvo zvinogona kugadziriswa pamwe chete nemafuta emafuta mumhando dzese dzemotokari.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti chikamu chekutakura nderimwe rezvikamu zvakakosha mukushandiswa kwesimba repasi rose, kunyanya munyika dzakabudirira. Izvi zvaita kuti indasitiri yemotokari ive imwe yemasimba makuru ekufambisa kwese kufambira mberi mumasero emafuta, hydrogen uye hunyanzvi hwavo hwekuchengeta.
Saizvozvo, kana tichitaura nezve nzira dzakasiyana dzekuchengetera gasi iri, zvinodikanwa kuratidza kukosha kwekuwedzera kuchengetedzwa kwayo, sezvo iri. inopfuta zvakanyanya, isiri-chepfu, isina ruvara, isingaravike uye isinganakidze. Mupfungwa iyi, rondedzero yemasisitimu ekuchengetedza inosanganisira zvingaitika mudanho rekutsvagisa, senge kabhoni (inoshanda, graphite, mamorekuru kabhoni mibhedha, nanofibers, fullerenes ...), makomisheni (NH3), girazi microspheres uye zeolites.
Nekune rimwe divi, chengetedzo yakadzika tembiricha muchimiro chemvura uye yakadzika tembiricha chengetedzo mugasi rakadzvanywa kana simbi hydride yakaratidza kuve yakavimbika uye inogona kushandiswa zvakachengeteka.
Kushandiswa uye kushandiswa kwemvura yehydrogen
Nekuda kwehunyanzvi uye zvidzidzo zvakasiyana pamvura yehydrogen, inogona kuiswa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemaindasitiri. Inofanira kugara ichirangarirwa kuti inoshandiswa sechitubu chakachena uye chinoshanda chesimba chisingasvibise zvakatipoteredza. Pakati pezvinonyanya kufadza zvikumbiro ndezveiyo indasitiri yemagetsi, zvekufambisa, indasitiri yechikafu, indasitiri yezvemuchadenga uye yekunatsa. Isu tichaenda mune zvakadzama nezve mashandisirwo uye mashandisirwo emvura haidrojeni.
Kushanda kwayo kwakanyanya kunoita kuti ive yakanakisa indasitiri yekutonhodza gasi, kunyanya nekuda kwekuita kwayo kwakanyanya kupisa kupisa. Kushandiswa kwehydrogen seimwe mafuta kunovimbisa kuzvitonga kwemotokari, uku ichideredza kusvibiswa kwemhepo, zvichibatsira kuchengetedza nharaunda.
Kushandiswa kwegasi iri kune chinangwa chekuvandudza kunaka nekuchengetedzeka kwechikafu kuburikidza nekuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwekuita. Ihuturu inoshanda yekumhanyisa maroketi uye zvakare inopa simba rekuchengetedza hupenyu nemacomputer masisitimu munzvimbo yechadenga. Ndiyo indasitiri inogadzirisa kushandura heavy crude kuita mafuta akacheneswa.
Kushandiswa kwehaidhirojeni sehuni kune zvakati wandei zvinokonzeresa zvakatipoteredza. Isu tinokurudzira zvakanyanya:
- Isimba rakachena, kusiya chete mhute yemvura sechisaririra. Nokudaro, inonyanya kukoshesa zvakatipoteredza kupfuura mafuta emafuta.
- Hazviperi.
- Inogona kushandiswa kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvezviitiko, kubva kumaindasitiri kuenda kuchokufambisa kana kudzimba.
- Bvumira hukuru hwekuchengetedza uye kutakura.
- Inoshanda kupfuura magetsi. Semuenzaniso, motokari yemafuta yehydrogen inobhadharwa zvakakwana mumaminitsi mashanu uye ine huwandu hwakafanana nemotokari inopisa.
Zvese zvakanaka izvi zvinoita kuti hydrogen ive inoshanda, yakachena uye yakachengeteka sosi yesimba, iyo inofanirwa kutariswa mune akawanda maindasitiri minda.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve liquid hydrogen.