The periodic table igraphical and conceptual tool inoronga zvinhu zvese zvemakemikari zvinozivikanwa nemunhu zvichienderana nenhamba yeatomiki (kureva kuti, nhamba yemapurotoni ari munucleus) nezvimwe zvakakosha zvemakemikari. Vanhu vazhinji havazivi zvakanaka mavambo etafura ye periodic.
Naizvozvo, isu tichakuudza nezve kwakabva tafura ye periodic, nhoroondo yayo uye kukosha kwayo kune kemisitiri.
Kwakabva tafura ye periodic
Yekutanga vhezheni iyi conceptual modhi yakabudiswa muGermany muna 1869 neRussian-akaberekwa kemisiti Dimitri Mendeleev (1834-1907), uyo akawana zvinozivikanwa chirongwa kubatsira categorate uye kuronga navo Graphical. Zita rayo rinobva kuMendeleev's hypothesis kuti huremu hweatomu hunotara nguva nenguva yezvinhu.
Tafura yokutanga yenguva yezvikamu yakaronga zvinhu 63 zvakawanwa panguva iyeyo muzvikamu zvitanhatu, izvo zvinowanzogamuchirwa nokuremekedzwa nenyanzvi dzeichi chirango. Inoonekwa seyekutanga kuyedza kugadzirisa zvinhu zvakatsanangurwa naAntoine Lavoisier, kana André-Emile Bégueille de Champs Courtois Kuvandudzwa kunokosha pamatafura ekutanga akagadzirwa naBéguyer de Chancourtois ("terrestrial propeller") muna 1862 naJulius Lothar Meyer muna 1864.
Mukuwedzera pakugadzira tafura ye periodic, Mendeleev akarishandisa sechishandiso chekuziva kuvapo kusingadzivisike kwezvinhu zvichigere kuwanikwa, kufanotaura kwakazadzikwa gare gare apo zvizhinji zvezvinhu zvakazadza makwanza mutafura yake zvakavamba kuwanwa.
Kubva ipapo, zvakadaro, tafura yeperiodic yakadzokororwa uye yakadzokororwa kakawanda, ichiwedzera pamaatomu akawanikwa kana kugadzirwa gare gare. Mendeleev pachake akasika shanduro yechipiri muna 1871. Chimiro chemazuva ano chakagadzirwa neSwitzerland chemist Alfred Werner (1866-1919) kubva patafura yepakutanga, uye kugadzirwa kwechimiro chechimiro kunonzi kuAmerican chemist Horace Groves Deming.
Shanduro itsva yetafura, yakakurudzirwa neCosta Rican Gil Chaverri (1921-2005), inotarisisa zvimiro zvemagetsi zvezvinhu kwete nhamba dzeproton. Ikozvino kugamuchirwa kweshanduro yechinyakare, zvisinei, ndeye mhedziso.
Nhoroondo ye periodic table
Muzana remakore rechiXNUMX, chemist yakatanga kurongedza zvinhu zvinozivikanwa zvichienderana nekufanana kwavo mune zvemuviri uye zvemakemikari zvinhu. Kupera kwezvidzidzo izvi kwakagadzira tafura yemazuva ano yeperiodic yezvinhu sezvatinoiziva.
Pakati pa1817 na1829, nyanzvi yekemisitiri wekuGermany Johan Dobereiner akabatanidza zvimwe zvinhu mumapoka matatu, anonzi matriplets, nokuti vakagovana zvakafanana zvemakemikari. Semuenzaniso, mu chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), uye iodine (I) triplet, wakaona kuti atomic mass yeBr yaive pedyo zvakanyanya neavhareji yehuremu hweCl neI. Sezvineiwo, hazvisi zvinhu zvese zvakakamurwa mu. uye kuedza kwake kwakakundikana kusvika pakurongwa kwezvinhu.
Muna 1863, British chemist John Newlands akakamura zvinhu mumapoka uye akakurudzira mutemo weoctave, zvinosanganisira zvinhu zveatomu inowedzera apo zvimwe zvinhu zvinodzokororwa zvikamu 8 zvega zvega.
Muna 1869, chiremba wemakemikari weRussia Dmitri Mendeleev akabudisa tafura yake yekutanga yeperiodic, achinyora zvinhu maererano nekuwedzera kweatomic mass. Panguva imwecheteyo, nyanzvi yemakemikari yeGermany Lothar Meyer akabudisa tafura yake yeperiodic, umo zvinhu zvakarongwa kubva kune zvishoma kusvika kune yakakura kwazvo atomic mass. Mendeleev akaronga matafura avo muhurongwa hwakachinjika, achisiya nzvimbo dzisina chinhu dzavaifanira kuwedzera chimwe chinhu chaizowanikwa. Mukati mesangano, Mendeleev akafungidzira chimiro chakasiyana: zvinhu zvine makemikari akafanana anoonekwa nguva nenguva (kana periodic) mumakoramu akatwasuka patafura. Mushure mekuwanikwa kwegallium (Ga), scandium (Sc) uye germanium (Ge) pakati pe1874 na1885., kufanotaura kwaMendeleev kwakatsigirwa nekuzviisa mumapundu iwayo, izvo zvakaita kuti tafura yake yeperiodic ive nyika yakawana kukosha uye kugamuchirwa.
Muna 1913, nyanzvi yekemesitiri wekuBritain Henry Moseley akateya kuchaja kwenyukireya (nhamba yeatomu) yezvinhu kuburikidza nezvidzidzo zveX-ray ndokuzvibatanidza zvakare kuitira kuwedzera nhamba yeatomu sezvatinoziva nhasi.
Ndeapi mapoka eperiodic table yezvinhu?
Mumakemikari , boka retafura yeperiodic mutsara wezvinhu zvinoumba, zvinoenderana neboka remakemikari ane maitiro akawanda eatomu. Saizvozvo, basa guru retafura ye periodic, yakagadzirwa neRussia chemist Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907), yakanyatsoshanda sedhizaini yekuisa uye kuronga mapoka akasiyana-siyana emakemikari anozivikanwa, ayo huwandu hwayo huri chimwe chezvakakosha zvikamu.
Mapoka anomiririrwa mumakoramu etafura, ukuwo mitsetse ichiumba nguva. Kune mapoka gumi nemasere akasiyana, akaverengerwa kubva pa18 kusvika pa1, chimwe nechimwe chine nhamba yakasiyana yemakemikari. Boka rega rega remaelementi rine nhamba imwechete yemaerekitironi mugomba reatomu rekupedzisira, ndicho chikonzero vane maitiro emakemikari akafanana, sezvo kemikari yemakemikari inoenderana zvakanyanya nemaerekitironi ari mugoko reatomu rekupedzisira.
Kuverengwa kwemapoka akasiyana ari patafura pari zvino kwakatangwa neInternational Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) uye kunoenderana nenhamba dzechiArab (1, 2, 3...18) dzichitsiva nzira yechinyakare yekuEurope yaishandisa nhamba dzechiRoman mabhii (IA, IIA, IIIA…VIIIA) uye nzira yekuAmerica inoshandisawo manhamba nemavara echiRoma, asi muhurongwa hwakasiyana pane hweEurope.
- IUPAC. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17.
- European system. IA, IIA, IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA, VIIIA, VIIIA, VIIIA, IB, IIB, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIIIB.
- American system. IA, IIA, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIIIB, VIIIB, VIIIB, IB, IIB, IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA, VIIIA.
Nenzira iyi, chinhu chimwe nechimwe chinowanikwa mutafura ye periodic chinogara chichienderana neboka uye nguva, zvichiratidza nzira iyo sainzi yevanhu inokura nayo kuronga zvinhu.
Sezvauri kuona, iyo periodic tafura yave yakakura kufambira mberi mumakemikari munhoroondo uye nhasi. Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve kwakabva tafura ye periodic uye maitiro ayo.