Geology ndiyo sainzi inotarisa pakudzidza kuumbwa kwevhu pasi ratingawana matombo uye zvicherwa. Kune mhando dzakasiyana dzematombo pasi pano maererano nehunhu hwavo, mavambo uye kuumbwa. Izvo zvinoenda kune zvicherwa. Tinogona kutora zviwanikwa zvakakosha kubva kumatombo nemaminerari, ndosaka kudzidza kwavo kuchikosha kwazvo.
Neichi chikonzero, isu tiri kuzotsaurira ichi chinyorwa kukuudza iwe zvese zvaunoda kuti uzive pamusoro pematombo uye zvicherwa, ndeapi makuru misika uye kukosha kwepasi redu.
Matombo uye zvicherwa
Tsanangudzo yemaminera
Chekutanga pane zvese kuziva tsananguro yemaminerari nedombo kuitira kusimbisa hwaro uye kugona kutsanangura zvimwe zvese. Zvicherwa zvakagadzirwa yakasimba, yakasikwa uye inorganic zvinhu zvinobva kune magma. Izvo zvinogona zvakare kuumbwa neshanduko mune mamwe aripo uye akaumbwa zvicherwa. Imwe maminera ine yakajeka kemikari chimiro, inoenderana zvachose nekuumbwa kwayo. Maumbirwo ayo maitiro anewo akasiyana hunhu hunhu.
Zvicherwa zvakaraira maatomu. Aya maatomu akawanikwa achigadzira sero rinodzokororwa mukati mechimiro chemukati. Aya maumbirwo anogadzira mamwe maumbirwo ejometri ayo, kunyangwe isingawanzoonekwe neziso rakashama, aripo.
Iyo yuniti sero inogadzira makristasi ayo anonamira pamwechete uye anoumba lattice kana lattice chimiro. Aya makristasi mineral formers inononoka kwazvo. Iyo inononoka kugadzirwa kwekristaro, inowedzera kurairwa zvese zvikamu uye, nekudaro, zvirinani kuita kwekristallisation.
Iwo makristasi ari kuumba kana kukura zvichienderana nesanhu kana ndege dzesystem. Iyo crystalline masisitimu ari kuunganidza iwo makumi matatu nemaviri marudzi e symmetry anogona kuve nekristaro. Tine zvimwe zvezvakakosha.
- Kugara kana cubic
- trigonal
- Hexagonal
- Rhombic
- Monoclinic
- Triclinic
- tetragonal
Kupatsanura zvicherwa
Maminera makristasi ivo havana kusarudzika, asi vanoumba zviyero. Kana makristasi maviri kana anopfuura achikura mundege imwechete kana axis yekuenzanisa, inoonekwa seyakagadzirwa zvicherwa inonzi mapatya. Muenzaniso wemapatya ndeye crystalline quartz yedombo. Kana zvicherwa zvikafukidza pamusoro pebwe, zvinozogadzira macumpump kana dendrites. Semuenzaniso, pyrolusite.
Pane kupesana, kana zvicherwa zvikakwikwidza mudombo, chivakwa chinonzi geodesic chinoumbwa. Aya ma geode anotengeswa pasi rese nekuda kwerunako uye kushongedza. Muenzaniso we geode unogona kuva olivine.
Pane zviyero zvakasiyana zvekutsanangudza zvicherwa. Zvinoenderana nekuumbwa kwemaminerari, anogona kuverengedzwa zviri nyore. Ivo vakakamurwa kuva:
- Simbi: Metallic chicherwa chakaumbwa nemagma. Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeyemhangura nesirivheri, limonite, magnetite, pyrite, sphalerite, malachite, azurite kana cinnabar.
- Kwete-simbi. Pakati peasina-simbi, isu tine iyo silicates, ine chikuru chinhu icho silicon dioxide. Izvo zvinoumbwa nemagma mune iyo asthenosphere. Iwo maminera senge olivine, talc, muscovite, quartz uye ivhu. Isu tinewo munyu munyu, uyo unoumbwa kubva munyu unotota kana mvura yegungwa yapwa. Izvo zvinogona zvakare kuumbwa neyakagadziriswazve kwemamwe zvicherwa. Iwo maminera akaumbwa nemvura zhinji. Semuenzaniso, isu tine calcite, halite, silvin, gypsum, magnesite, anhydrite, nezvimwe. Chekupedzisira, isu tine zvimwe zvicherwa nezvimwe zvinoriumba. Izvi zvakagadzirwa kuburikidza nemagma kana kuyedza zvekare. Isu tinowana fluorite, sarufa, graphite, aragonite, apatite uye calcite.
Hunhu nemhando dzematombo
Matombo anoumbwa nezvicherwa kana zviyero zvemaminerari ega ega. Mumhando yekutanga, tine granite, uye mumaminerari, isu tine dombo munyu semuenzaniso. Kuumbwa kwedombo inzira inononoka uye inotevera maitiro akasiyana.
Maererano neiyo genesis yematombo, iwo anogona kuve akapatsanurwa kuita matatu marudzi: igneous matombo, sedimentary matombo, uye metamorphic matombo. Matombo aya haagare, asi ari kugara achichinja uye achichinja. Ehezve, iwo shanduko dzakaitika panguva ye geologic nguva. Mune mamwe mazwi, pamwero wevanhu, hatisi kuzoona mafomu edombo kana kuzviparadza zvachose, asi matombo ane inonzi dombo kutenderera.
Igneous matombo
Igneous matombo matombo akaumbwa nekutonhora kwemagma mukati mepasi. Iine chikamu chemvura chejasi chinonzi asthenosphere. Magma inogona kutonhorera muguruva repasi kana kuti inogona kutonhodzwa nechisimba chevhu. Zvichienderana nekuti magma yatonhorerwa kupi, makristasi acho anoumba nekumhanya kwakasiyana neimwe nzira kana imwe, zvichizoguma nemhando dzakasiyana, senge:
- Granulated: Kana magma ichitonhora zvishoma nezvishoma uye zvicherwa zvichisimbisa, zvakangofanana zvidimbu zvakaenzana zvinogona kuoneka.
- Porphyry: Magma inogadzirwa painotonhora panguva dzakasiyana. Pakutanga yakatanga kutonhorera zvishoma nezvishoma, asi ipapo inokurumidza uye nekukurumidza.
- Vitreous. Iyo inonzi zvakare porous texture. Izvo zvinoitika kana magma inotonhora nekukurumidza. Nenzira iyi, makristasi haaumbike, asi ane kutaridzika kwegirazi.
Sedimentary matombo
Izvo zvinoumbwa nezvinhu zvakavhiringidzwa nemamwe matombo. Zvinhu izvi zvinotakurwa uye zvinoiswa pasi penzizi kana makungwa. Kana dzichiungana, dzinogadzira mafomati. Aya matombo matsva anoumbwa kuburikidza nemaitiro akadai se petrification, kuomesa, simende uye kudzokororazve.
Metamorphic matombo
Iwo matombo akaumbwa kubva kune mamwe matombo. Iwo anowanzo kuve akaumbwa ne sedimentary matombo ayo akamboita epanyama uye emakemikari shanduko maitiro. Zviri zvehunhu zvakaita sekumanikidza uye kudziya kuri kuchinja dombo. Naizvozvo, mhando yedombo inoenderana nezvicherwa zvayinazvo uye nedanho rekushandurwa kwayakaitwa nekuda kwegeological zvinhu.
Kune akawanda metamorphic maitiro anoita kuti matombo achinje uye achinje. Semuyenzaniso, Kamwe kamwe kusiyana kwetembiricha kunonzi thermoclastiku. Aya maitiro ekuti kusiyana kwekukasira kwetembiricha pakati pehusiku nehusiku, sezvinoitika mumagwenga, kunogona kukonzera kuumbwa kwekutsemuka uye kuparadzwa kwemuviri wedombo. Zvakafanana zvinoitika nekukanganisa maitiro kunokonzerwa nemhepo nemvura. Kukwira kwemhepo kana kutonhora uye kuita chando kwemvura umo kutsemuka mumatombo kunogona kupedzisira kwaita kuti vakonzere metamorphose.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pematombo uye zvicherwa.