Kusvibiswa kwemhepo yemumaguta ndeimwe yenzira huru mukurwisa dambudziko remamiriro ekunze. Kukanganisa kwaro pahutano kune zvakakosha zvemagariro evanhu uye zvehupfumi. The kusvibiswa muMadrid inokonzera zviuru zvenzufu gore negore zvine chokuita nazvo. Zvakadaro, matanho anotorwa kudzikamisa kusvibiswa kwemhepo haana zvakakosha pakuvandudza kunaka kwemhepo.
Muchikamu chino tichakutaurira pamusoro pezvinhu zvakakosha zvekusvibiswa muMadrid, mamiriro ezvinhu aripo uye kuti angadzoserwe sei.
Kusvibisa muMadrid
Hunhu hwemhepo muguta guru reSpain hwakakanganiswa mumakore achangopfuura nekuda kwezvinhu zvakasiyana, senge traffic, indasitiri uye mamiriro ekunze.Chimwe chemhedzisiro yekusvibiswa kweMadrid ndiko kutaridzika kwezvirwere zvekufema. Kugara kwenguva refu kune yakakwirira yezvinosvibisa kunogona kutungamirira kumatambudziko akadai bronchitis, asima uye chisingaperi chinodzivirira pulmonary chirwere (COPD). Zvirwere izvi zvinogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya hupenyu hwevanhu vanotambura nazvo uye mune dzimwe nguva zvinogona kutouraya.
Kuderedzwa kwekuonekwa chinhu chave kuwedzera kuoneka muguta. Kukwirira kwezvimedu zvinofambiswa nemhepo zvinogona kuita kuti zviome kuona zvakajeka, izvo zvinogona kuva nengozi kuvatyairi nevanofamba netsoka. Izvi zvakasvibiswa nemhepo zvimedu zvinogona kukanganisa kunaka kwezvivakwa zvekare uye zvivakwa, zvichikonzera kukanganisa kwakashata pakushanya uye hupfumi hwenzvimbo.
kusvibiswa zvakare ine kukanganisa kwakashata pane zvakasikwa uye zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana. Kubuda kwemagasi anosvibisa kune mukana wakakura weivhu rinoita acidifying uye mvura, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa maruva nemhuka. Zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze, zvinogona kukonzera mvura ine acid, ine migumisiro yakakomba yezvirimwa nemasango akapoteredza.
Hupfumi hunokanganiswawo nekusvibiswa muMadrid. Uye ndezvekuti makambani anobatwa neiyo zvirambidzo pakufamba kwemotokari uye chisungo chekudzikisa kusvibiswa kwemhepo. Kune izvi isu tinowedzera kuti kushanya kunogona kuderera nekuda kwehurombo hwemhepo uye kuderera kuoneka, saka hupfumi hunogona kukanganiswa zvakanyanya.
Mhedzisiro yekusvibiswa muMadrid
Kuburitswa kwemagasi ane muchetura, kunyanya nitrogen dioxide (NO2) uye zvimedu zvakamiswa, zvine mhedzisiro yakaipa kune zvese hutano uye nharaunda. Nezvehutano, kusvibiswa kwemhepo kunogona kukonzera zvirwere zvekufema, zvakadai seasthma, bronchitis kana pneumonia, pamwe nezvirwere zvemwoyo, pakati pevamwe. Uyezve, migumisiro yacho inonyanya kukuvadza mumapoka anotambura zvikuru, sevana, vakwegura kana vanhu vane matambudziko ehutano apfuura.
Imwe yemigumisiro iri pachena yekusvibiswa muMadrid ndeye iyo inonzi "smog berets", musara wemakore akaderera anoita seakaputira guta. Aya ma "berets" anokonzerwa nemagasi anosvibisa akavharirwa mumhepo uye izvo, zvakawedzerwa kune zvimwe zvinhu, zvakadai sekupisa kwekushisa, zvinoita kuti gore rekusvibisa risapararire.
Zvikuru zvinosvibisa uye kuisa kwavo
Nitrogen dioxide
Muganho wepagore wekusvibiswa kwenitrogen dioxide ndeye avhareji yegore negore ye40 micrograms yezvinosvibisa pa cubic mita yemhepo (μg/m3). Dhata kubva kuMadrid Pollution Measurement Network inoratidza kuti muna 2022 hapana chimwe chezviteshi makumi maviri nemana chinoyera kusvibisa uku chakapfuura muganhu wegore. Iyo yakajairika ine gakava rekumisa traffic, Plaza Elíptica, yakanyoresa chete 24 µg/m40, ichisvika padanho iri. Makore maviri apfuura, 3 uye 2020, akanyoreswa 21 µg/m41, saka nepo zvichikwanisika kutevedzera mutemo, kuvandudzwa kudiki. Kudzikira uku kunopesvedzerwa nenyaya yekuti Mbudzi naZvita 2022, iyo mwedzi miviri inowanzorekodha anticyclones uye kusvibiswa kwepamusoro, kwainaya zvakanyanya.
Zvakakosha kufunga nezvemamiriro ezvinhu umo zvinomiririra zviteshi zvekuyera kusvibiswa zvinogona kudzokororwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeguta. Saka, semuenzaniso, chiteshi chePlaza Elíptica chinomiririra mhando yemhepo yakanyorwa yakatenderedza pamusuwo wemugwagwa mukuru wemetropolitan (A-42), sezvairi kutenderedza pamusuwo weMadrid kubva kune mamwe migwagwa mikuru.
Zvakaturikwa zvidimbu
Data yakaunganidzwa muna 2022 inoratidza kuti mamiriro ezvinhu netsvina iyi akawedzera kuipa kana zvichienzaniswa nemakore apfuura. Zvisinei nekutevedzwa nezvinotarwa nemutemo, chokwadi ndechekuti 8 yezviteshi gumi nezvitatu zvinoyera PM13 uye avhareji yetiweki inodarika muganho wegore yakarongerwa mutemo weEuropean ramangwana (20 μg/m3). Nzvimbo dzese dzakapfuura iyo WHO yakakurudzirwa kukosha (15 µg/m3).
Nezve PM2,5 zvimedu, Plaza Elíptica, imwe yezviteshi zvisere munetwork inoyera kusvibiswa uku, yakapfuura muganho wepagore wemutemo (10 μg/m3) wakarongedzerwa mutemo weEuropean ramangwana. Nzvimbo dzese dzakapfuura zvakanyanya kukosha kweiyo WHO yakakurudzirwa kukosha (5 μg/m3).
tropospheric ozone
Mamiriro ezvinhu netsvina iyi haana kunaka zvakare. Muna 2022, nhatu dzegumi nembiri dzeO12 nzvimbo dzekuyera dzakapfuura kukosha kwemaawa masere (3 µg/m120), kudarika nguva makumi maviri neshanu dzinobvumidzwa nemirairo.
Kune rumwe rutivi, mutemo unogadza chikumbaridzo chekupa ruzivo kune veruzhinji (180 μg/m3 kweawa imwe). Muna 2022, 5 yemasaiti gumi nemaviri anoyera kusvibiswa kweO12 yakataura kutyorwa kweichi chikumbaridzo chekuzivisa: El Pardo (4 nguva yapfuura), Plaza del Carmen (3 nguva), Villaverde (1 nguva), Escuelas Aguirre (1 nguva) uye Barajas Pueblo (1 nguva). Ichi chigumisiro chinomiririra kuderera kwakajeka maererano nedata kubva kumakore maviri apfuura, umo makanga musina zvinyorwa pamusoro pechikumbaridzo ichi. Kuwedzera kwekusvibiswa kweozone peaks pasina mubvunzo kune hukama nekupisa kwakanyanya kuchaitika muzhizha ra2022, zvichisimbisa kuti shanduko yemamiriro ekunze ndiyo inotaridza kuipa kwezviitiko zvehurombo hwemhepo.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve kusvibiswa muMadrid nemhedzisiro yayo kune hutano uye nharaunda.