Kusvibiswa kwemweya kuri nekuda kwe shanduko dzinogadzirwa mudenga, izvo zvinokuvadza kune zvipenyu. Rudzi urwu rwekusvibisa, zvinoenderana nekuti rwuri kupi, rwunozivikanwa senzvimbo kana nharaunda yaro yekukweretesa yakaganhurirwa kune yakasarudzika kana nzvimbo yemapuraneti kana migumisiro yacho yasvika pasirese.
Kuratidzwa nekusvibiswa kwemweya kuripo munzvimbo dzese, kunyanya munzvimbo dzemadhorobha, uye inogona kukanganisa huwandu hwese muhupenyu hwedu hwese.
Ongororo dzakawanda uye kuongororwa kwakarongeka kwakaratidza kusvibiswa kwemhepo sechikonzero chakasimba chekufa, izvo zvakaita kuti zvikwanisike kumisikidzwa kwemitemo yemhando yepamusoro mukati memunyika. Nekudaro, chikamu chakakura chevagari vepasi rose chiri kuramba chichigara munzvimbo dzine mweya wakashata.
Iyo Atmosphere yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira kubva mwaranzi inokuvadza yezuva (ultraviolet mwaranzi) kuvanhu, mhuka nemiti, panguva imwechete iyo isingatenderi zvinhu zvakakosha kuti hupenyu hwavo huparadzwe. Vanoita basa rakakosha mukudzivirira uku oxygen uye ozone
Zvinokonzera kusvibiswa kwemhepo
Natural zvinhu
Munhu haasi kugara achipomera, dzimwe nguva zvikonzero zvekusvibiswa kwemweya zvinogona kunge zvichikonzerwa zvakasikwa zvinhu:
Ash uye emissions kubva kumakomo anoputika.
Utsi nemagasi anobva kumoto usina kudenhwa.
Guruva dutu
Dyara spores uye mukume.
Chinhu chevanhu
Nehurombo, kazhinji yenguva matambudziko anogadzirwa nesu pachedu. Tinogona kupatsanura zvimwe zvezvikonzero zvekusvibiswa kwemweya zvakasikwa nemunhu (anthropogenic) seinotevera:
Zvinosvibisa kubva peteroli mota
Carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) uye zvigadzirwa zvinotungamira (tetraethyl lead) kuwedzera octane.
Zvinosvibisa kubva mumotokari a Diesel (marori nemabhazi)
Izvi zvinoguma neutsi hwakakora, mahydrocarbon asina kupiswa (HC), nitrogen oxides uye sulfur dioxide kubva kune sarufa iri mumafuta.
Heaters nemarasha.
Izvo zvinosvibisa sarufa dioxide, kubhururuka madota, sosi, simbi dzinorema uye nitrogen oxides.
Heaters nedhiziri kana dhiziri
SO2, SO3, NOx, isina kupiswa mahydrocarbon akasarudzika uye macaraceaceous particles.
Heaters negasi rechisikigo risina basa.
Zvinosvibisa zvakaburitswa neindasitiri
Magetsi anodziya ekugadzira magetsi. shandisa mafuta emafuta uye marasha anomutsa dota, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, simbi dzinorema nesarufa (sulfur dioxide)
Zvinokonzera kusvibiswa kwemhepo zvinogona kukamurwa ne:
Zvinonyanya kusvibisa
Zvinhu zvinokuvadza zvinoburitsirwa mudenga zvakanyanya zvakasvibisa.
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Iyo ndiyo gasi ine chikonzero chikuru che kupisa kwepasi pose mune inonzi greenhouse effect. Inobva pakupisa kwemarasha, oiri uye gasi rechisikigo. Mukukwirira kwakanyanya kune chepfu uye kunogona kukonzera kufa.
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Izvo zvinokonzerwa nekusakwana kwemafuta emafuta senge peturu, mafuta nehuni. Kana ichifemerwa mukati, inoendeswa kuropa, kwavanodzivirira kuendesa oxygen. Muzviyero zvidiki zvinonzwa kunge kuneta, kutemwa nemusoro uye dzungu uye muchikamu chakakwira zvinogona kuuraya
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Inoshandiswa mumafriji masystem senge emhepo mahara. Aya magasi anosvika kune stratosphere uye ndiwo anokonzeresa iyo kupera kweiyo ozone layer.
Inotyisa Mhepo Inosvibisa (HAP)
Kunyangwe iwo mafambiro avo achifamba kuburikidza nemuchadenga, zvinodikanwa kuvapatsanura sezvikonzero zve kusvibiswa kwemakemikari. Zvinogona kukonzera gomarara, kusagadzikana kwekutya, kusagadzikana uye kufa
Tungamira
Iyo simbi ine chepfu kwazvo, kutaura zvazviri, mapaipi emvura asati agadzirwa nemhangura. Izvi zvinobva ku mafuta anopedza Iwo akange ari epamusoro muzana chepfu iyo yakadzikiswa muchidimbu neaya anonzi macatalysts, asi kuchine zvigadzirwa zvine yakakwira zvemukati yezvinhu izvi, pendi, mabhatiri, dhayi, nezvimwe. Icho chigadzirwa chinogadzira carcinogenic
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Chikonzero chehutsi (mhute uye utsi) (nitrogen oxides ine anogadzikana ehupenyu makemikari. Chikonzero kuwanda kwekufema system kusagadzikana) uye chikonzero chemvura inonaya (inokuvadza zvinomera uye mvura mumakungwa nenzizi, kubvisa mabhakitiriya ari chikafu chehove) .Inogadzirwa nemoto wepeturu, marasha uye mamwe mafuta.
Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Iyo yakasikwa mumoto wemarasha, chinokonzera utsi uye acid mvura. Iyo ine chekuita nesulphuric acid, inogadzirawo mweya wekufema.
Particles
Solid nyaya mukumiswa ichikonzera akasiyana siyana mweya wekufema.
Anoshanduka Organic Makemikari (VOC)
Izvo zvikonzero zvekusvibiswa kwemakemikari anofamba kuburikidza nemuchadenga. Dzinoburitsa mhute zviri nyore kwazvo (peturu, benzene, toluene, xylene uye perchlorethylene. Benzene ine carcinogenic mhedzisiro.
Zvinosvibisa zvechipiri
Izvo hazvipararire zvakananga mudenga, asi zvinoda makemikari ekunyepedzera:
- Photochemical kusvibiswa
- Iko kuderedzwa kwehutema hweozone layer
- Acidification yepakati
Migumisiro yekusvibiswa kwemhepo
Zvirwere muvanhu:
Asima, emphysema, bronchitis, kenza yemapapu.
Kune akawanda mapfupi uye marefu-marefu mhedzisiro iyo kusvibiswa kwemhepo kunogona kuve pahutano hwevanhu. Chokwadi, kusvibiswa kwemweya wedhorobha inowedzera njodzi yezvirwere zvakanyanya zvekufema, senge pneumonia, uye chisingaperi, senge kenza yemapapu uye chirwere chemoyo.
Kusvibiswa kwemweya kunokanganisa mapoka akasiyana evanhu nenzira dzakasiyana. Mhedzisiro yakakomba kuitika muvanhu vatove vanorwara. Zvakare, mapoka akashupika, senge vana, vakwegura, uye mhuri dzinotambira mari shoma dziine mukana wekuwana rubatsiro rwehutano dzinogona kutarisana nemhedzisiro inokuvadza yechiitiko ichi.
Dermatological.
Kusvibiswa kwemweya kune chakanangana nehutano uye kunyanya pamapapu. Izvo zvakare zvinokuvadza kune ganda uye zvinoita kunge zvinogadzira kukwegura kweganda, kupera mvura mumuviri kweganda, kuvandudza acne, kudzikisira kwemaseru zvinhu, nezvimwe.
Mhedzisiro paganda ivo vakawandisa: unopera mvura, unosviba, unogumbuka. Asi ganda rega rega rakasarudzika uye harizopindure nenzira imwechete kune zvinosvibisa, kunwa kweganda zvinoenderana nekwanisiro rayo uye mamiriro ekunze (tembiricha, humidity index). Zvinosvibisa mweya zvakare zvinogadzira mahara radicals ayo anokonzeresa kukwegura kweganda. Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvesainzi zvakaburitsawo zvakashata zvinokonzeresa kusvibiswa pa hydration indekisi uye mukunyanyisa desquamation. Ganda rinogona kurasikirwa nekupenya uye kupenya.
Pamusoro pezvinhu:
Kukukurwa kwezvinhu zvekuvaka
Mune zvirimwa:
Inokanganisa photosynthesis.
Kuparadzwa kwemarudzi emiti kunotarisa kuderera kwehuwandu hweoksijeni inogadzirwa nephotosynthesis, iyo inokanganisa ngetani dzekudya. Muriwo zvipenyu zvinogadzira zvinhu zvakasikwa uye chikafu munharaunda dzezvakaberekwa; Naizvozvo, kushomeka kwemaruva kunokanganisa kukura kwehupenyu.
Zvakatipoteredza:
Smog kubva kumaguta makuru
Maguta akaipisisa zvine chekuita nehutsi ndeawo asinganakirwe nemhepo dzisingapere uye dzakasimba, idzo dzinowanzo kuve dziri mumipata yakavharika, padyo nemahombekombe, nezvimwe. Mienzaniso yemaguta anogara aine utsi iSantiago de Chile, Chile; Mexico City, Mexico; United States; London England. Santiago neMexico vane dambudziko rekuvharirwa, uye havakukudzwe nemhepo dzine simba. Ivo vari kumusoro kumusoro, ipapo mhepo inotonhorera inoita kuti chiutsi chive chakasungirirwa.
London yakatambura zvakanyanya neutsi munguva yakapfuura, asi zvisungo zvakasiyana zvaivandudza mhepo nekurambidza maindasitiri, kugadzira nzvimbo dzisina utsi, kurambidza kupinda mudhorobha nzvimbo yemotokari, Etc.
Los Angeles kushushikana kwakakomberedzwa nemakomo, zvinoreva kuti utsi haugone kutiza. Pasina kutaura kuti nderimwe remaguta anosvibisa kwazvo.
Dambudziko reSmog kuChina
Dambudziko rezvakatipoteredza mu Asia, kana kunyanya kuChina iri kusvika pamatanho asati amboonekwa. Maguta makuru anoenda kubva pane imwe yambiro tsvuku kuenda kune inotevera, utsi huri kufambira mberi kunge dutu rejecha, kutengeswa kwemasikisi kwakakura zvakanyanya, uye zvakafanana zviri kuitika nekushoropodza hurumende. Asi kubva pano tinogona kuzvibvunza isu, Sei izvi zvichiitika? Icho chikonzero chinosanganisa akawanda zvinhu, kubva kumaindasitiri uye kune simba, kusvika kunzvimbo.
Nehurombo chazove chifananidzo chinowanzoitika: Beijing, guta guru reChina, rakafukidzwa nehutsi. Zviremera zvakaongorora sarudzo dzakawanda. Kurambidzwa kwakasarudzika, kunaya kwekunyepedzera, drones ... hapana chinoratidzika kunge chinoshanda. Dambudziko nderekuti hapana hunyanzvi hwekurwisa munhu wega foci. Kusvibisa kunoda kubatana kwepamberi, uye nguva yakawanda painotambiswa, iwo mutengo wakakwira unobhadharwa nevanhu.
Shanduko Yemamiriro ekunze
Shanduko yemamiriro ekunze ndiro dambudziko rakakomba uye zvakanyanya kukosha izvo zvinotarisana nevanhu nhasi. Kubva pakauya shanduko yeindasitiri uye kupisa kwemafuta epasi kugadzirwa kwesimba uye kutakurwa, magasi ekupfumisa mudenga, kusanganisira CO, awedzera zvakanyanya.2 uye methane.
Thomas stocker, chiremba wefizikisi paUniversity yeBern muSwitzerland uye mumwe wevanyori vanotungamira vezvazvino mishumo yakanyorwa na IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), inoona kuti sarudzo dzese dzesimba dzatinoita nhasi dzinotikanganisa mune remangwana risiri kure. Nhasi mamirioni ematani eCO akaraswa2 kuenda mudenga nekuda kwemafuta anopisa, marasha kana gasi uye nekuda kwekuparadzwa kwemasango. Nekuda kwezvikonzero izvi, iko kusungwa kwemagreenhouse gasi mumhepo ari chepamusoro-soro mumakore 800.000 XNUMX apfuura.
Greenhouse maturo
Iwo akasiyana ane gasi ane mutoro anotora chikamu zvakanyanya kana zvishoma mu mhedzisiro greenhouse kuburikidza nesimba rayo rekudziya uye nehupenyu hwayo. Nenzira iyi, kunyangwe magasi anoburitswa muhuwandu hushoma anogona kusimbisa uye nekuomesa kusimba kwe greenhouse.
Acid mvura
Mvura yeacid iyi inonyatsoita a kuparadzwa pamwero mukuru masango conifers. Maererano nekucherechedza, miti inosvava, kusanganisira ivhu uye zvinomera zvevhu zvinounza hukuru acidity. Padanho remiti, mashizha anoita yero, otora mavara asina kujairika uye pakupedzisira anopedzisira arasa mashizha awo zvachose.
Mamwe madziva ari munzvimbo yemakristaro akaona acidity yavo ichiwedzera zvakanyanya, kusvika pakuti mamwe madziva eScandinavia anogona kumira kuvandudzwa nekuda kwe kunaya acidic kuti vakatambura munguva yakapfuura. Chekupedzisira, acid mvura inonaya inorwisa imwe simbi uye kukonzera kukoromoka kwezvivakwa.
Kupera kweiyo ozone layer
Iyo ozone layer ibhanhire remhepo gasi reozone iro riri pakati pemakiromita gumi nemashanu nemakumi matatu pamusoro penyika sekunge yaive nhoo kubva kune inokuvadza ultraviolet mwaranzi B yakabudiswa nezuva.
Ozone inonyanyisa kuita mamorekuru ane matatu maatomu eoksijeni. Iyo inogara iri mukuumbwa uye inoputsika mudenga repamusoro, makiromita gumi kusvika makumi mashanu pamusoro penyika, munzvimbo inonzi stratosphere.
Parizvino, pane kunetsekana kwakapararira kwekuti iyo rukoko rweozone rwuri kuderera nekuda kwekuburitswa kwetsvina ine makemikari chlorine uye bromine. Kuora kwakadai kunoita kuti mwenje yakawanda ye ultraviolet B isvike paNyika, izvo zvinogona kukonzeresa gomarara reganda uye kupenya kwevanhu uye kukuvadza mhuka.
Zvinogoneka mhinduro?
Kunyange chiri chokwadi kuti mhinduro dzekumisa iyo kusvibiswa kwemhepo Ivo vanofanirwa kuve nerutsigiro rwemasangano epasirese uye hurumende dzemunharaunda, ichokwadi zvakare kuti isu, sevagari, tinogona kupa zvakakosha zvipo zvinogona kubatsira, zvakanyanya. Semuyenzaniso:
Kudzokorora marara, zvigadzirwa uye zvigadzirwa.
Nenzira iyi tinodzivirira kudiwa kwezvinhu kuti zviwedzere uye mafekitori, zvakare, kubva mukugadzira zvikamu zvitsva. Iko kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kuchave kushoma.
Kushandisa bhasikoro
Kanawo dzimwe nzira dzekufambisa uye, pamusoro pezvose, dzisingasvibise nharaunda.
Kudya zvine mutsigo.
Nekutora zvine mutsigo mashandisiro maitiro sekutenga Fair Trade zvigadzirwa kana kuchengetedza yedu simba rekushandisa, isu tichava nechokwadi icho mashandisiro edu -Izvi zvisingadzivisike- zvine pesvedzero diki pane nyika uye nesuwo.
Kuvakwa kwegadhorobha gadheni.
Tinogona zvakare kurima chikafu chedu pamba, kubva nzira yakasikwa uye pasina kushandura masikirwo ezvisikwa enharaunda matinoshanda.
Mhinduro dzinogoneka dzehutongi
Gadzira iyo inotakura vanhu.
Kuisa zvakajairika semitero iri mumaguta nzvimbo.
Kuderedza kudiwa kwe kufamba pakati pevagari vemo, nemapurojekiti matsva emadhorobha
Kuwedzera nzvimbo dzakasvibira uye mapindu.
Muchokwadi maitiro azvino ari mira mirazvivakwa zvirefu zvakagadzirirwa imba yemiti nezvirimwa, zvinonwisa huwandu hwakawanda hwe carbon dioxide, zvichigadzira firita yakanaka kwazvo yekusvibisa uye kugadzira oxygen
Simbisa zvivakwa zvine hungwaru
Pamwe nemutemo mutsva, kana nemabhizimusi. Izvo zvakakosha kusimudzira kuchengetedza zvese muzvitsva uye muzvivakwa zvekare.
Parizvino izvi hazvina kudhura, asi zvivakwa zvitsva zvine hungwaru zviri kuvakwa kutenderera pasirese vane pfungwa ye kuzviriritira kana kuti zvine hudzamu hwakanyanya pane zvakatipoteredza. Zvimwe zvezvivakwa zvakavakwa nhasi zvinogona kuchengeta mvura yemvura inoshandiswa zvekare kuzvimbuzi uye kuchengetedza nzvimbo yacho pachayo kutonhorera, kune mahwindo anotendera mwenje kuti upinde uchidzikisa kushandiswa kwesimba uye izvozvi, nekuda kwemapaneru matsva ane chipfeko chakakosha, izvi zvivakwa zvinogona tora kusvibiswa kwemhepo uye nekuishandura kuita marara asingakuvadzi
Using inokosha asphalt iyo inotora imwe yehutachiona seNoxer.
Noxer block ndeye simende dhaka matombo ane mutete 5-7 mm rukoko rwe titanium (IV) oxide, iyo inoshanda seyakaomarara chinokonzera. Titanium (IV) oxide inonzi photocatalyst inoshandisa mwenje wezuva kunotora nitrogen oxides inosvibisa kwazvo (HAPANA uye NO2) mune isina nitrate inowachirwa kubva pagwara nemvura yemvura.
Kana titanium yakasviba ikafumurwa ultraviolet mwaranzi ichibva kuzuva, inobata mwaranzi uye inokonzera kushamisika kwemagetsi.
Noxer mabhuroko akatsiva chinyakare kuvakwa munzira mumatunhu angangoita makumi matatu muJapan, kubva kwavakatanga kuyedzwa mukati Osaka muna 1997. Nhasi vanogona kuwanikwa muguta reWestwinster, (London).
Noxer blocks inobatsira kudzikisa kusvibiswa nhanho dzave kutodzikira iyo smog kurwisa.
DZIMWE DZIDZISO DZAKANAKA KUSHANDISA KUNYANYA UYE RUBATSIRO RUKURU,