Injini dzeHydrogen dzinoramba dziri imwe yemabheti emangwana eindasitiri yemotokari. Kushanda kwayo kwakaipa nhevedzano yezvakanakira, kuichengeta ichiri kuyangarara pasinei nekutadza kwayo. Kuti izvi zviitike, Toyota, BMW, Mazda, Hyundai, Ford nemamwe mabhureki vakaisa mari yakawanda muhunyanzvi uhu. Injini dzinoshandisa Hydrogen dzinosanganisira injini dzinopisa mukati uye mafuta ekuchinja masero. Vanhu vazhinji havazivi injini yehydrogen inoshanda sei uye zvazvakanakira nezvazvakaipira.
Nechikonzero ichi, isu tichakumikidza chinyorwa ichi kukuudza kuti nhanho-ne-nhanho injini yehydrogen inoshanda sei, maitiro ayo ndeapi uye kukosha kwayo kune mota yenyika.
Injini yehydrogen combustion inoshanda sei?
Idzi injini dzinoshandisa haidrojeni sepeturu. Ndiko kuti, vanoipisa mukamuri rinopisa kuti vagadzire kuputika (kinetic simba uye kupisa). Nechikonzero ichi, akajairika injini dzepeturu dzinogona kuchinjirwa kupisa haidrojeni kuwedzera kuLPG kana CNG.
Kushanda kweinjini iyi kwakada kufanana nekweinjini yepeturu. Hydrogen inoshandiswa sehuni uye okisijeni seoxidant. Kemikari inotangwa ne spark uye spark plug inogona kuburitsa spark. Hydrogen haina maatomu ecarbon, saka zvinoitika ndezvekuti mamorekuru maviri ehydrogen anosanganiswa nemorekuru rimwe reokisijeni, achiburitsa simba nemvura.
Mhedzisiro yemakemikari ayo inongova mhute yemvura. Nekudaro, injini dzinopisa hydrogen dzinoburitsa humwe hutsi panguva yekushanda kwavo. Semuenzaniso, madiki mashoma eNOx kubva kumhepo uye kupisa kubva mukamuri yekupisa, kana kuburitsa kubva mukupisa mamwe mafuta kuburikidza nepiston zvindori.
Sezvo haidrojeni iri gasi, inochengetwa mutangi ine pressure ye700 bar. Izvi zvakakwirira 350 kusvika 280 nguva dzakakwirira kudarika zvakajairika vhiri remota. (2 kusvika 2,5 bar). Kunyangwe painewo mota dzinochengeta hydrogen muchimiro chemvura patembiricha yakaderera, sezvakaratidzwa pazasi.
Hydrogen combustion injini dzinopa mamwe anonakidza mabhenefiti pamusoro peyakajairwa injini dzinopisa. Semuyenzaniso, vanogona ne theoretically kushandisa misanganiswa yakanaka kwazvo (Lambda padyo ne2). Kureva kuti vanogona kushandisa mafuta mashoma kuti vashandise mhepo yese iri kuuya uye kuti vashande zvakanaka.
Muenzaniso wekuti injini inopisa yehydrogen inoshanda sei
Muenzaniso wakanaka weinjini yehydrogen iBMW 750hl, yakauya pamusika muna 2000. Kunyange zvazvo iri injini yepeturu yeBMW, inokwanisawo kupisa haidrojeni.
Nekudaro, ine zvipingamupinyi zvakati wandei: Chekutanga, inochengeta haidrojeni muchimiro chemvura. Izvi zvinoda tangi inodhura kwazvo yakagadzirwa kubva kune zvinhu kubva ku Aerospace sector kuchengetedza tembiricha yayo iri pasi -250ºC. Izvi zvinogona kuwanikwa chete mukati memazuva gumi nemaviri kusvika gumi nemana, panguva iyo hydrogen inoputika zvishoma nezvishoma uye inoburitswa zvakachengeteka mumhepo. Chechipiri chinokanganisa ndechekuti nekushandisa hydrogen unorasikirwa nesimba rakawanda uye kugona. Iyo yakazotevera BMW Hydrogen 12 kubva 14 yakagadzirisa zvishoma matambudziko aya uye yakawedzera iyo hydrogen pressure kusvika 7 bar pasina kuichengeta.
Mumwe muenzaniso wakanaka ndeye Aquarius hydrogen injini. Injini yemafuta emafuta akagadzirwa nekambani yeIsrael yakakodzera kushandiswa kwehydrogen. Yekutanga inoshanda vhezheni yakaunzwa muna 2014 uye kubva ipapo yakadzokororwa uye yakagadziridzwa vhezheni yakaonekwa. Maererano nevagadziri vayo, inogona kushanda isina mafuta ekuzora uye ine a gasi exchange system kuderedza NOx emissions.
Pamusoro pezvo, iyo hydrogen yemukati yekupisa injini yakareruka uye ine zvikamu zvishoma, zvichiita kuti ive yakachipa kugadzira. Inogona kushandiswa senge renji rekuwedzera kune mota dzemagetsi kana sejenareta kune network.
Injini yehydrogen fuel cell inoshanda sei?
Zita rayo rakazara ifuel cell yakashandurwa haidrojeni injini. Pasinei neshoko rokuti "mafuta", havapise hydrogen. Vanoishandisa kugadzira magetsi kuburikidza nereverse process ye electrolysis. Ndicho chikonzero ivo vanotakura mabhatiri emakemikari maitiro, senge muinjini yekupisa haidrojeni, kupi hydrogen inochengetwa mumatangi ane dzvinyiriro ye700 bar.
Ndizvo chete kuti panzvimbo yekudyisa kumota, inopinda neanode uye cathode (sebhatiri) kune sero remafuta. Kana yavepo, gasi rehydrogen (H2) rinopfuura nemu membrane roripwanya kuita maion maviri ehydrogen. Hydrogen uye maerekitironi maviri emahara. Aya maerekitironi anopfuura kubva paanode kuenda kune cathode yebhatiri kuburikidza nekunze kwedunhu, achigadzira magetsi. Maion ehydrogen anogadzirwa anosanganiswa neokisijeni kubva mumhepo kuita mvura.
Nechikonzero ichi, hydrogen mafuta sero injini ndeye zero emissions, sezvo isingaburitse NOx kana magasi anogadzirwa pakupisa mafuta senge injini inopisa mukati. Madiaphragm anoshandiswa mumainjini aya anogadzirwa neplatinamu uye anodhura. Zvisinei, pane basa rekugadzirisa mutengo wakakwirira uyu. Semuenzaniso, paTechnical University yeBerlin vakagadzira ferroalloy iyo, kana ikaiswa mukugadzirwa, inogona kuderedza zvakanyanya mutengo.
Kuipa kwehydrogen injini
- Catalysts anoshandiswa mumakemikari reactions ehydrogen fuel cell engines anogadzirwa kubva kuzvinhu zvinodhura, zvakaita seplatinamu. Zvirinani kusvika yatsiviwa neimwe yakachipa, senge yakataurwa muTU Berlin.
- Kuti uwane hydrogen, inofanirwa kuitwa ne thermochemical process yefossil mafuta kana ne electrolysis yemvura, inoda kushandiswa kwesimba. Kutsoropodza kukuru kweinjini yehydrogen, nekuti magetsi anogona kuchengetwa zvakananga mubhatiri remotokari yemagetsi kuti ishandiswe.
- Kana iyo hydrogen yawanikwa, inofanira kuunzwa musero kana kuti pressure tank. Iyi nzira inodawo kuwedzera mari yekushandisa simba.
- Mabhatiri eHydrogen anodhura kugadzira uye anofanirwa kuve akasimba zvakanyanya kushingirira madhindindi makuru ayo haidrojeni inofanira kuchengetwa nawo.
Zvakanakira hydrogen injini
- Mabhatiri eHydrogen akareruka pane mabhatiri emotokari yemagetsi. Ndosaka kushandiswa kwayo mukutakura kunorema kuri kuongororwa seimwe nzira kune mabhatiri emagetsi marori. Kuti vakwanise kufamba madaro marefu, anorema zvikuru.
- Nhasi, kuchaja hydrogen inokurumidza kupfuura kuchaja bhatiri remotokari yemagetsi.
- Kusiyana nemotokari dzemagetsi ebhatiri, hydrogen mafuta cell mota haidi mabhatiri akakura. Naizvozvo, inoda kushoma lithium kana zvimwe zvinhu zvingangove zvishoma. Hydrogen yemukati inopisa injini haidi zvakananga lithium mabhatiri kana mamwe mabhatiri akafanana.
- Mafuta emafuta anogona kuwedzera hupenyu hwemotokari. Kusiyana nemabhatiri, ayo anodhura kutsiva nekuda kwehukuru hwavo uye kugona. Mabhatiri ane hukama nemainjini ehydrogen madiki uye saka anodhura kutsiva.
- Kuenzaniswa nemafuta emafuta enjini, hydrogen mafuta esero injini dzinoshandisa mota dzemagetsi uye nekudaro dzakanyarara.
Autonomy
Izvo zvakashata zveinjini dzehydrogen ndezvekuti matangi avo kana masero emafuta anofanira kunge aine hydrogen pakumanikidzwa kwakanyanya. Saka, nzvimbo yekugovera inofanirawo kuenderana nekumanikidzwa kwe700 bars iyo inotsigira.
Izvi zvinoda kuvaka zvivakwa zvekupa kuti zvikwanise kuwedzera mafuta erudzi urwu. Izvozvo zvakati, ine nyaya dzakafanana nemotokari dzemagetsi dzakachena. Nekudaro, iyo refueling oparesheni inokurumidza kupfuura idzi, sezvo yakafanana neLPG kana GLC mota.
Mota parizvino dzakashongedzerwa nehydrogen fuel cell injini dzine huwandu hwakafanana nepeturu. Semuyenzaniso, Toyota Mirai yakazivisa 650 km nebhatiri rakazara, Hyundai Nexo 756 km uye BMW iX5 Hydrogen 700 km.
Vamwe vakaita seHopium Machina vazivisa rwendo rwemakiromita chiuru, kunyange hazvo nhamba iyi ichizofanirwa kusimbiswa kana ichinge yaitika. Chero zvazvingaitika, kuzvitonga hakuna kukosha sebhatiri, nekuti refueling inokurumidza kukurumidza. Chinhu chekuchengeta mupfungwa nhamba yemafuta emafuta.
Vakachengeteka here?
Zvigadzirwa zvave zvichishanda pamhando iyi yeinjini kwemakore kuvandudza kushanda kwavo, kuderedza mari uye, chokwadika, kuvaita kuti vave vakachengeteka sevaya vanomhanya pamafuta.
Mukuwedzera, zviyero zvekuchengetedza zvinodiwa neEurope, United States neJapan ndiyo vimbiso yekuchengetedzwa kwemotokari dzehydrogen-powered. Hazvina maturo kutaura, Toyota inofarira izvozvo tangi yepeturu yaMirai yakaoma zvekuti haipindi bara.
Tichaona zuva apo mota dzese dzinomhanya pahydrogen? Nguva icharatidza zvese. Zviripachena kuti mabhureki anoenderera mberi nekudyara uye ine zvimwe zvakanaka zvinoita kuti ive imwe nzira inonzwisisika kune zero emission transport.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pekuti injini yehydrogen inoshanda sei, maitiro ayo, zvakanakira uye nekuipira.