The Golgi apparatus is organelle iyo ine ese eukaryotic masero (masero ane akanyatsotsanangurwa nucleus mu cytoplasm yavo) uye chikamu che endometrine system. Iyo yakakosha organelle yekubatanidzwa kweakawanda cellular mapuroteni uye lipids, uye inoita basa mukurongedza zvirimwa. Zvisinei, vanhu vakawanda havazivi kuti chii kushanda kwechigadzirwa cheGolgi.
Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, tichakumikidza chinyorwa ichi kukuudza zvose zvaunoda kuziva pamusoro pekushanda kweGolgi apparatus, maitiro ayo uye kukosha kwayo.
Chii chinonzi Golgi apparatus
Iyo yakakosha organelle yekuumbwa kweakawanda mapuroteni emasero uye lipids uye inoshanda sechirimwa chekurongedza: inogadzira, inorongedza zvinhu zvinogadzirwa nemaseru, uye nekuzviparadzira kune kwaanogara mune cytoplasm. Masero anogona kunge aine imwe kana akawanda emidziyo yeGolgi. (chaizvoizvo, zvinomera zvine mazana), kazhinji inowanikwa mu cytoplasm padyo neiyo nucleus uye endoplasmic reticulum.
Zvichienderana nesero, mudziyo wega wega unogona kunge uine huwandu hwakasiyana hwemadziva akaturikidzana kana "mabhegi" ane mapuroteni kana lipids. Nenzira iyi, iyo yakakosha organelle yekuguma kwehupenyu hweserura uye organic synthesis.
The Golgi apparatus inotora zita rayo kubva pakuwanikwa kwayo pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi1906, apo musayendisiti wokuItaly uye akahwina Mubairo weNobel weMishonga muna 1897, Camilo Gorgi, akabudirira kuitsanangura zvakadzama zvichienderana nekutanga kuona kwakaitwa muna XNUMX neSpaniard Santiago. La Santiago Ramón y Cajal, waakagovera mubairo.
Kushandisa electron microscopy mushure me1950 akatsigira tsananguro yaGolgi nekururama kukuru. Iyo Golgi apparatus ine reticulum, boka re membranous saccules, kureva, submicroscopic, flat, yakaturikidzana midziyo, yakakomberedzwa netubular network uye muunganidzwa wevesicles.
Mukati me dictyosome yega yega mune boka re "package" mapuroteni. Muchokwadi, kutaura nezve dictyosomes, iyo Golgi kana Golgi system iri kutaura nezve chinhu chimwe chete. Saizi ye dictyosomes nemapoka emidziyo yeGolgi inosiyana, zvichienderana nerudzi rwesero, mhando uye nguva yemetabolism yayo.. Kureba kwayo kunowanzofungidzirwa pakati pe1 ne3 microns.
Maitiro
Iyo Golgi midziyo ine matatu akasiyana mashandiro enzvimbo:
- Cis-golgi region. Chikamu chemukati-kati, chiri padyo neiyo rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), ndipo panotangira mavesicles ane mapuroteni achangobva kugadzirwa.
- nharaunda yepakati. Transition zone pakati pematunhu eCis neTrans.
- Trans-golgi nzvimbo. Iyo iri padyo ne plasma membrane, iyo inogadziriswa kutumira imwe neimwe protein uye lipid kune yayo chaiyo kwainoenda.
Zvakadaro, kushanda kuzere kwemidziyo yeGolgi hakuna kuburitswa zvizere.
Golgi Apparatus Basa
Basa rakajairika remidziyo yeGolgi ndere "kurongedza" uye "tag" protein vesicle yega yega kuti ibudirire kuendesa kwainoenda, senge chirimwa chinorongedza zvirimwa.
Nenzira iyi, chigadzirwa chekuongorora cheGolgi hachina kunaka, chakasimba uye chakaunganidzwa, chichibatanidza mamorekuru akareruka neawo akaoma kunzwisisa uye nekuazivisa zvinoenderana nekwaanosvika: mamwe organelles kana maseru membranes, kuti avharirwe munzvimbo.
Mamwe mabasa eGolgi apparatus anosanganisira:
- Inotora zvinhu kubva ku cytoplasm. Kufanana nemvura, shuga kana lipids, kunyanya izvo zvepachivande vesicles.
- kuumba secretory vesicles. Inogadzira mapuroteni masaga anotakura zviri mukati mawo kubva musero.
- kugadzira ma enzymes. Ma enzymes mazhinji anobva pane iyi organelle nekuti mapuroteni ane mabasa chaiwo.
- Gadzira zvinhu zvakakosha. Inobatsira pakuumbwa kwemasero membranes, masero anokosha (akadai sesperm), mapuroteni (akadai semukaka, nezvimwewo).
- yakavanzwa glycoproteins. Mapuroteni ane makabhohaidhiretsi (shuga) anovakwa mukati.
- lysosomes inogadzirwa. Organelles inokonzera kugayiwa kwemasero.
Iwo ma vesicles ekufambisa anofamba nemidziyo yeGolgi anogona kunge ari emhando dzinotevera:
- Ane mapuroteni anosvika kunze kwesero ne constitutive secretion (exocytosis) inoitika pa plasma membrane.
- Secretory vesicles zvakare akatemerwa kusvika kunze kwesero, asi kwete nekukurumidza: ichachengetwa muchitokisi, ichimirira kurudziro inokonzeresa kuti iitike. Iyi nzira inonzi regulated secretion.
- Kwainoenda ndiyo lysosome: iyo organelle inogadzirwa neGolgi system pachayo, inotarisira kuputsa zvinhu zvekunze zvinopinda musero (cellular digestion).
Golgi nzira yekufambisa
Iyo chaiyo nzira yekuti puroteni inopfuura sei muGolgi apparatus haizivikanwe. Asi pane fungidziro huru mbiri pamusoro pekuti zvakaitika sei:
- Modhi yekukura kwetangi. Kugadzira tangi nyowani "kuchasundira" tangi rekare kuburikidza nemudziyo.
- Modhi yekutakura mota. Dzidziso inofunga kuti Golgi inhengo yakagadzikana uye yakadzikama uye kuti kufamba kwevhesi kunokonzerwa nezvinhu zvemukati mapuroteni.
Kukosha
Iyo lysosomes inogadzirwa neGolgi apparatus ine hydrolytic uye proteolytic enzymes inokwanisa kuputsa zvinhu zveextracellular kana intracellular kwakabva, ndiko kuti, inokonzera kugaya kwemasero.
Lysosomes mahomwe ema enzymes ayo, kana akaburitswa musero, anoparadza sero zvachose. Naizvozvo, aya organelles ane yakakosha membrane yekumisa. Lysosomes anowanzo kuwanikwa mumasero emhuka, asi kwete mumasero ezvirimwa.
Chishandiso chakakosha mupuroteni yekugadzira dunhu remasero uye, zvakare, muprotein yekugadzira dunhu rezvipenyu. Inoita sechibatanidza pakati pemukati mesero (nucleus uye endoplasmic reticulum apo mapuroteni anogadzirwa) uye kunze kwesero. Iyo yakakosha biochemical transport mechanism.
Mune zvimwe zviitiko, Golgi kuremara kunogona kukonzera zvirwere zvakadai mucolipidosis II, izvo zvinokanganisa Golgi mapuroteni kuzivikanwa michina, kuti. Sero digestion haigone kuenderera zvakanaka uye lysosomes inozadza nezvinhu zvisina kugezwa. Ichi chirwere chekuberekwa nemigumisiro inouraya iyo isingabvumire kurarama kupfuura makore manomwe.
Zvimwe zvirwere zvakawanda zviri muchidzidzo chezvino zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinomuka kubva kuGolgi defects, kusanganisira chirwere chePelizaeus-Merzbacher, Angelman syndrome, wrinkled skin syndrome, uye Ducheme muscular dystrophy, pakati pevamwe.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu iwe unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve basa reGolgi zvishandiso uye maitiro ayo.