Kana uchitaura mune ecology uye nharaunda nezve magariro, ecosystems uye ecological niche, vanhu vanowanzo nyonganisa idzi pfungwa nyore nyore. Uye ndezvekuti mhando dzakasiyana dzakasiyana dziri kure nenzvimbo, asi iwe unogovana zvakafanana mabasa munzvimbo yavanogara. Izvi ndizvo zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa seyakagadziriswa niche.
Muchikamu chino ini ndiri kuzotsanangudza kuti chii chinonzi ecological niche iri mune nzira yakajeka uye ndeupi mutsauko uripo neecosystem uye pekugara.
Chii chinonzi ecological niche yemhando
Kune mamirioni eshiri dzedenga kutenderera pasirese dzinozadzikisa mashandiro mamwechetewo mune ecosystems asi asingakwanise kusangana pamwe chete. Zvisinei, kune mamwe marudzi akapatsanuka uye anoita zvakafanana mabasa mu ecosystems. Izvi zvinoitika, semuenzaniso, pakati pemhando dzakadai seye huni uye iyo aye-aye.
Iwo mashandiro uye kudyidzana uko kune hupenyu kune zvimwe zvisikwa zvipenyu mukati mecosystem kunozivikanwa senge ecological niche. Iyo ecosystem ndiyo nzvimbo kune akasiyana hunhu hunoita kuti zvikwanise kugara munzvimbo. Kune rimwe divi, iyo yekugara hapana chimwe chinhu kunze kwenzvimbo yeecosystem uko mupenyu mupenyu uye anovandudza hupenyu hwayo. Muenzaniso wakareruka ndewekuti mune yakasikwa ecosystem, mhando yeshiri ine pekugara munzvimbo yemiti uye hukama hwavanadzo nezvimwe zvipenyu mumhoteredzo yavo niche yezvakatipoteredza.
Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti ndiyo nzira yehupenyu yezvisikwa, mairi isu tinosanganisa mamiriro, maitiro, zviwanikwa zvinoshandiswa nharaunda, kudyidzana kwavanoita nemamwe marudzi uye zvipenyu zvinoumba hukama ihwohwo.
Kuti zvijekese, isu tiri kuzopa mumwe muenzaniso. Emperor penguin ishiri dzakashanduka pakuvhima mukushanduka kwemiviri yavo. Vanogona kuvhima mumvura pane tembiricha yakaderera pasina kukuvara. Idzi mhuka dzinodyisa zvakanyanya pahove, squid uye zvimwe zvipuka zvavanokwanisa kuvhima. Basa ravo ndere remhuka, asi ivowo mhuka kune dzimwe mhuka hombe dzakadai semhondi whale. Hunhu hwese uhwu uye hukama pakati pezvipenyu zvatakatumidza zita ndiyo niche yezvakatipoteredza yamambo penguin.
Yakagovaniswa niche
Chinhu icho vanhu vazhinji vanowanzo shamisika ndechezvinoitika kana akati wandei marudzi akagovana zvakafanana ecological niche uye anowanikwa munzvimbo imwechete yenzvimbo. Kana izvi zvikaitika, pane dambudziko uye rakakomba. Izvo zvipenyu zviviri zvine zvakafanana nharaunda niche hazvikwanise kurarama kwenguva refu munzvimbo imwecheteyo. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nemakwikwi eInterspecific. Ivo vanokwikwidza kune imwechete ndima, zviwanikwa, hukama uye zvakafanana nzira dzehupenyu, nezvimwe.
Pakupedzisira, imwe yemhando mbiri iyi ndiyo inokunda imwe. Kana chimwe chinhu seichi chikaitika, imwe yemhando idzi inopedzisira yanyangarika neiyo ecosystem. Chimwe chinhu chakafanana chinoitika nezvinoitika nemhuka dzinoparadza asi zvisina kufanana. Mhando inopinda ine hunyanzvi hukuru hwekugadzirisa nharaunda kupfuura iyo yemuno marudzi, saka inopedzisira yasiya imwe yacho. Kutsakatika kwerudzi nekuti rwunogovana niche yezvakatipoteredza neumwe kunozivikanwa sekukwikwidza kusabatanidzwa.
Ichi hachisi chinhu chinogadziriswa nguva dzose. Kune mamwe marudzi ayo anokwanisa kupindirana chete chikamu che niches uye anokwanisa kugara pamwe chete munzvimbo imwechete. Kana kusadzurwa kwekukwikwidzana kukaitika, mamwe emhando idzi anokwanisa kuchinjika uye achichinja kuti awane imwe niche yezvakatipoteredza inogona kuvabatsira kurarama. Mune ino kesi, pane chikamu chemidziyo uye zvese zvipenyu zvinogona kugarisana. Iyi kesi inoitika zvakanyanya mumarudzi ayo asingangodya mashoma akasiyana, asi anokwanisa kuve neakasiyana kudya. Kazhinji, omnivores vane hukuru hukuru hwekugadzirisa nharaunda kupfuura mamwe marudzi.
Nzvimbo imwechete yezvakatipoteredza munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana
Izvi zvinoitika kana paine marudzi emhando dzakasiyana. Ndokunge, akafanana akafanana marudzi anogara munzvimbo dzakasiyana akapatsanuka kana nzvimbo dzakatarisana. Semuenzaniso, tsoko dzenyika yekare neidzo dzenyika nyowani. Aya mamiriro anotipa chikafu chekufunga: zvinogoneka sei kuti mhando dzakadai dzakafanana dzinogona kugara munzvimbo dzakatarisana nedzakasarudzika?
Uyu mubvunzo unogona kupihwa mhinduro dzinoverengeka zvichienderana nedzidziso dzakasiyana. Yekutanga ndiyo dzidziso yekupararira. Iyi dzidziso inodzivirira kuti zvipenyu zvinokwanisa kuputsa nekukunda zvipingaidzo zvepanzvimbo zvinomiririra kukamurwa kwenzvimbo. Semuenzaniso, gomo renzvimbo kana nyanza inogona kunge iri iyo inogumira chinhu. Kamwe iyo mhando iri mune imwe nharaunda, inogona kuikomberedza uye imwe nyowani inokura neakasiyana shanduko maitiro uye yakasarudzika kubva kune yekutanga.
Imwe dzidziso ndeyekuti vicariousness. Zvinozivikanwa kuti chiitiko chimwe chekare chinogona kuitika neimwe nzira nekuda kweplate tectonics. Semuenzaniso, imwe mhando A inotora nzvimbo yakatambanuka inopatsanurwa nechipingamupinyi chinoonekwa pamusoro pezviuru zvemakore. Iyi ndiyo kesi yekufamba kwema tectonic mahwendefa. Sezvo gungwa rinoumbika pakati pemahwendefa maviri, mhando dzakasarudzika mumativi ese enharaunda dzinozopedzisira dzashanduka neimwe nzira, asi ichichengetedza imwechete nharaunda.
Goverana ndima
Mienzaniso yakadai seye rhea ne mhou imhuka dzine hunhu hwakafanana nerudzi rwekudya. Mukuwedzera, ivo vanotambura kune zvikara zvine hunhu hwakafanana. Kwete nguva dzose mhando mbiri dzinogovana nharaunda yezvakatipoteredza inofanirwa kunge yakafanana kana kugovera ndima. Kune dzimwe nguva paunenge uine imwechete nharaunda niche asi iwo marudzi ari emakirasi akasiyana.
Sekupedzisa tinogona kutora kuti kune akawanda marudzi anogovera zvakafanana ecological niche asi anogara munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Mimwe yemhando idzi yakafanana kune imwe, seyebhuruu uye polar bere, ane madzitateguru aive akafanana. Kune zvekare zvimwe zviitiko umo mhando dzakasiyana senge kangaroo uye mhou dzine niches dzakafanana, zvisati zvashanduka kubva kumadzitateguru akafanana. Musiyano wemarudzi aya unogara muvicarianza uye mupararira.