Simbi, chimwe chinhu chatinoshandisa mazuva ese muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva. Zvisinei, vanhu vazhinji havazivi zvakanaka chii chinonzi simbi mumunda wekemisitiri saizvozvo. Mundima iyi, simbi dzinozivikanwa, izvo zvinhu zvepa periodic tafura ine hunhu hwayo ndeyekuve akanaka conductor yemagetsi uye kupisa. Ivo vanowanzo kuve nehupamhi hushoma uye inowanzo kuve yakasimba pakamuri tembiricha, kunze kweiyo mercury simbi, inova mvura. Mazhinji acho anokwanisa kuratidza mwenje, uchimupa kupenya kwesimbi.
Muchikamu chino tichaenda kukuudza kuti zvii simbi zvinobva pakiriniki yekuona, ndeapi maitiro uye mhando.
Chii chinonzi simbi
Metare ndizvo zvinhu zvakanyanya kuwanda patafura ye periodic uye zvimwe zvacho zvinhu zvakanyanya kuwanda pasi. Mamwe acho anowanzo kuwanikwa mune zvakasikwa aine kuchena kana kushoma, kunyangwe mazhinji acho ari chikamu chemaminerari epasi pevhu uye vanofanirwa kupatsanurwa nevanhu vasati vagone kushandiswa.
Simbi dzine hunhu zvisungo zvinonzi "esimbi zvisungo." Mune rudzi urwu rwechisungo, maatomu esimbi anobatana pamwechete nenzira yekuti maerekitironi awo uye valence maerekitironi (maerekitironi mukomboni yekupedzisira yeelectron, maerekitironi ekunze) anobatana kuita mhando ye "gore" rakatenderedza. Naizvozvo, muchisungo chesimbi, maatomu esimbi ari padhuze nepadhuze uye ese "akanyudzwa" mumaavalence maerekitironi, achiumba chimiro chesimbi.
Kune rumwe rutivi, simbi dzinogona kuumba ionic zvisungo neasina metali (senge chlorine uye fluorine) kugadzira munyu. Rudzi urwu rwechisungo runoumbwa nekukwezva kwemagetsi pakati peyoni yezviratidzo zvakasiyana, uko simbi dzinoita ioni dzakanaka (cations) uye dzisiri simbi dzinoita ioni dzisina kunaka (anion). Kana munyu uyu uchinge wanyungudika mumvura, unodonhera muion yavo.
Kunyangwe chiwanikwa chesimbi imwe neimwe (kana neisina-simbi) ichiri chinhu chesimbi, sesimbi nendarira, kunyangwe iri musanganiswa wakafanana.
Propiedades
Nekuda kwehunhu hwavo hwakasarudzika, simbi dzakashandira vanhu kubva kunguva dzekare, nekuda kwenzvimbo yavo yakanaka yekuumba maturusi akasiyana, zvimisikidzwa kana zvivakwa:
- Kana uchimanikidzwa, dzimwe simbi dzinogona kuumba machira matete echinhu chakafanana.
- Kana iri pasi pekunetsekana, zvimwe simbi dzinogona kugadzira waya kana tambo yezvinhu zvakafanana.
- Iko kugona kurwisa kuputsa kana uchinge waiswa kamwe kamwe nemauto (mapundu, madonhwe, nezvimwewo).
- Zvokuimba simba. Inogona kumira traction, kumanikidza, torsion uye mamwe mauto pasina kuparadza chimiro chayo kana kuora.
Uye zvakare, kupenya kwavo kunovaita ivo vakanakira kugadzira foru yezvishongo uye zvekushongedza zvinhu, uye kwavo kwakanaka kwemagetsi kuitisa kunovaita akakosha mukutapurirana kweazvino mumasisitimu emagetsi emazuva ano.
Mhando dzesimbi
Metallic element inogona kuve emhando zhinji uye akaiswa mumapeti eperiodic maringe navo. Boka rega rega rakagovana hunhu:
- Alkaline Iwo akajeka, akapfava uye ane hupenyu mukati meyakajairika kumanikidza uye tembiricha mamiriro (1 mhepo uye 25ºC), saka havazombove vakachena muchimiro. Ivo vane yakaderera density uye vakanaka makondakita ekupisa nemagetsi. Ivo zvakare vane yakaderera kutsetseka uye kufashaira mapoinzi. Mune tafura ye periodic, vanogara muboka I. Kune zvakare hydrogen muboka iri (harisi simbi).
- Alkaline pasi. Ivo vari muboka II petafura ye periodic. Zita rayo rinobva kune alkalinity yeiyo oxide. Iwo anowanzo kuve akaomarara uye mashoma ekuita kupfuura alkaline iwo. Iwo akajeka uye akanaka makondakita ekupisa nemagetsi. Ivo vane yakaderera density uye neruvara.
- Shanduko simbi. Simbi zhinji dzinowira muchikamu ichi. Ivo vanogara munzvimbo yepakati petafura ye periodic uye anenge akaomarara, aine huwandu hwakanyungudika uye hwekupisa, uye yakanaka yekupisa uye yemagetsi kuitisa.
- Lanthanides. Iyo inozivikanwa zvakare se lanthanides, ivo vanonzi "zvisingawanzo pasi" mune tafura ye periodic uye vanogadzira "zvemukati shanduko yezvinhu" nema actinides. Izvo zvakafanana zvinhu kune mumwe nemumwe uye, kunyangwe paine mazita akasiyana, iwo akawandisa kwazvo pamusoro penyika. Ivo vane yakasarudzika magineti maitiro (pavanopindirana nemagineti munda, semuenzaniso magineti inogadzirwa nemagineti) uye hunhu hwekuratidzira (kana radiation ichirova ivo).
- Actinides. Pamwe pamwe nepasi zvisingawanzo, ivo vanoumba "zvemukati shanduko zvinhu", izvo zvakafanana chaizvo kune mumwe nemumwe. Ivo vane yakakwira nhamba yeatomiki uye ese isotopu eakawanda eaya maisotopu ane radioactive, zvichivaita asingawanzo kuve akawandisa mune zvakasikwa.
- Transactinides. Ichizivikanwawo se "zvinhu zvinorema kwazvo", ndizvo zvinhu zvinopfuura chinhu chinorema pane zveatomu nhamba, lawrence (103). Ese isotopu eaya maficha ane mapfupi hafu-hupenyu, ane radioactive, uye akagadzirwa murabhoritari, saka iwo ese ane mazita evefizikisiki akavasika.
Mienzaniso uye isiri-simbi
Ngatione mimwe mienzaniso yesimbi:
- Alkaline Lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potasium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), francium (Fr).
- Alkaline pasi. Beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba) uye radium (Ra).
- Shanduko simbi. Titanium (Ti), Vanadium (V), Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Mhangura (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Sirivheri (Ag), cadmium (Cd), tungsten (W), platinum (PD), goridhe (Au), mercury (Hg).
- Kazhinji nyika. Lanthanum (La), Cerium (Ce), Praseodymium (Pr), Neodymium (Nd), Promethium (Pm), Samarium (Sm), Europium (Eu).
- Actinides. Actinium (Ac), thorium (Th), protactinium (Pa), uranium (U), neptunium (Np), plutonium (Pu), americium (Am).
- Transactinides. Rutherfordium (Rf), Dubnium (Db), Seaborgium (Sg), Bohrio (Bh), Hassium (Hs), Meitnerium (Mt).
Izvo zvakakosha zvehupenyu hwehupenyu hazvisi-zvesimbi. Asina-simbi zvinhu zvine zvimiro zvakasiyana zvachose neizvo zvesimbi, kunyangwe paine zvakare macompounds anonzi macalloid ayo ane hunhu uye hunhu huri pakati pesimbi uye isiri-simbi. Nonmetals inogadzira covalent zvisungo pavanogadzira mamorekuru pakati pavo. Kusiyana nesimbi, Aya macompound haasi akanaka makondakita emagetsi uye kupisa, uye haapenye.
Oxygen, kabhoni, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus uye nesarufa ndizvo zvakakosha zvehupenyu uye zviri chikamu cheisiri-simbi. Izvi zvisiri-zvesimbi zvinhu zvinogona kuva zvakasimba, mvura kana gasi.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve izvo simbi uye hunhu hwadzo.