Kune akawanda marudzi esimba rinowedzerwazve pasirese uye yega yega ine akasiyana mashandiro. Icho chinangwa chakafanana: kugadzira simba rakachena ne zero greenhouse gasi emesi uchishandisa imwe isina muganho ivhu zviwanikwa. Mune ino kesi, isu tichataura nezve izvo zviri hydropower.
Munyaya ino tichaenda kukuudza kuti magetsi emagetsi chii, ndeapi maitiro, anogadzirwa sei uye zvakanakirei nezvakaipira.
Chii chinonzi magetsi emagetsi
Hydropower inoshandisa ingangoita simba remvura pane kumwe kukwirira kwemubhedha werwizi kuishandura ikaita magetsi emagetsi panzvimbo yakaderera yemubhedha werwizi uye pakupedzisira mumagetsi emagetsi. Inoshandura simba remvura kuita magetsi. Kuti ushandise simba iri, dziviriro huru yemvura yekuchengetedza yakavakirwa kuwedzera kugona kweiyi nzvimbo, inovandudzwa uye isina emission sosi.
Chimiro chemagetsi chemagetsi iseti yezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi nemidziyo izvo zvinodikanwa kushandura simba remagetsi remagetsi kuva simba remagetsi uye rinokwanisa kushanda maawa makumi maviri nemana pazuva. Simba remagetsi rinowanikwa rakaenzana nekukwirira kwekuyerera kwemvura uye kunaya kwemvura.
Chiteshi chemagetsi chinowanikwa zvakanyanya pasi rese inonzi "dura repakati". Mumhando idzi dzezvirimwa, mvura inoungana mudziva ichibva yadonha kubva pakakwirira pamusoro peturbine, izvo zvinoita kuti turbine itenderere uye ibudise magetsi kuburikidza nejenareta iri mune nacelle. Ipapo magetsi ayo anomutswa kuti aendese simba pasina kurasikirwa kukuru uye ndokuzowedzerwa kune gridhi. Kune rimwe divi, iyo yakashandiswa mvura inodzokera kune yayo yakasikwa maitiro.
Imwe nzira "kupfuudza kuchinjana." Mhando idzi dzezvirimwa dzinotora mukana wekutsvedza kwerwizi, uye vozotamisa mvura kuburikidza nemikana kuenda kuchirimwa, uko ma turbine anogona kufamba akatwasuka (kana rwizi rwune nzvimbo yakadzikira) kana yakatwasuka (kana nzvimbo yakadzika iri pasi) akafanana neavo chirimwa chekuchengetera munzira yekugadzira magetsi. Aya marudzi emafekitori anoshanda achienderera nekuti haana mvura yekuchengetedza mvura.
Zvikamu zveiyo magetsi emagetsi
Iyo hydroelectric chirimwa ine inotevera zvikamu:
- Dhamu: Inoita basa rekukweva nzizi uye inochengetedza miviri yemvura (semuenzaniso, matura) isati yazara, ichigadzira mutsauko mumvura inoshandiswa kugadzira simba. Madhamu anogona kugadzirwa nematope kana kongiri (anonyanya kushandiswa).
- Spillways: Ivo vane basa rekuburitsa chikamu chakamiswa mvura ichipfuura imba yeinjini uye inogona kushandiswa pakudiridza. Iwo ari pamadziro makuru edhamu uye anogona kunge ari ezasi kana pamusoro. Mazhinji emvura anorasika mubheseni riri patsoka dzedhamhu kudzivirira kukuvara kana mvura yadonha.
- Kudya mvura: Ivo vane basa rekutora iyo yakavharirwa mvura uye voiendesa kumuchina kuburikidza nemikana kana mapombi ekumanikidza. Inlet yemvura ine musuwo wekutarisa huwandu hwemvura inosvika panogadzirwa uye firita yekudzivirira kupfuura kwezvinhu zvekunze (matanda, matavi, nezvimwewo).
- Magetsi emagetsi: Iyo michina (jenareta turbines, hydraulic turbines, shafts uye majenareta) uye zvekutonga uye zvemutemo zvinhu zviri pano. Iine masuo ekupinda nekubuda ekusiya nzvimbo yemuchina isina mvura panguva yekugadzirisa kana kukatanura.
- Hydraulic ma turbines: Ivo vane basa rekushandisa simba remvura inopfuura nepakati payo kugadzira kufamba kutenderera kuburikidza neayo axis. Kune matatu makuru mhando: Pelton mavhiri, Francis turbines, uye Kaplan (kana propeller) turbines.
- Shanduko- Chishandiso chemagetsi chinoshandiswa kuwedzera kana kudzikisa mweya weimwe dunhu razvino rinochengetedza magetsi.
- Mutsara wekutumira simba: tambo inoendesa iyo inogadzirwa simba.
Mhando dzemagetsi emagetsi emagetsi
Zvichienderana nerudzi rwekusimudzira, magetsi emagetsi emvura anokwanisa kukamurwa kuita matatu marudzi:
- Runoff hydroelectric zvirimwa: izvi zvinodyiwa zvemagetsi zvinonhonga mvura kubva munzizi zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu ezvakatipoteredza uye kuyerera kunowanikwa kwema turbines. Iko kusaenzana pakati penzvimbo dzemvura idiki, uye iwo ndiwo nzvimbo dzinoda kugara dzichiyerera.
- Hydroelectric zvirimwa zvine backup matura: Miti iyi yemagetsi inoshandisa imwe vhoriyamu yedura "kumusoro" kuburikidza nedamu. Zvisinei nekuyerera kwerwizi, dziva rinoparadzanisa huwandu hwemvura kubva kumagetsi anogadzira magetsi gore rese. Rudzi urwu rwefekitori runogona kushandisa simba rakawanda uye kWh kazhinji inodhura.
- Hydroelectric kupomba zviteshi: Iyi michero yemagetsi ine matura maviri ane mazinga akasiyana emvura, ayo anoshandiswa panodiwa simba rekuwedzera. Mvura kubva mutangi repamusoro inodarika neiyi turbine ichienda kune yakadzika tangi uye ndokuzodzokera kutangi repamusoro ichipomba mvura mukati mezuva apo simba rekuda riri shoma.
Hydropower muSpain
Kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji kwakakonzeresa kumahydrohydraulic simba sosi kuve nemakwikwi emitengo mumusika wemagetsi, kunyangwe izvi zvinodhura zvichisiyana maererano nerudzi rwechirimwa nezviito zvichaitwa. Kana simba rakaisirwa gwenya remagetsi risingasviki gumi MW uye rinogona kunge rakamira mvura kana runoff, iyo gwenya remagetsi inoonekwa sechidiki chemagetsi.
Nhasi, kuvandudzwa kweSpanish hydroelectric chikamu chine chinangwa chekuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka kuitira kuvandudza mashandiro ezvivakwa zviripo. Aya mazano anoitirwa kugadzirisa, kugadzirisa, kugadzirisa, kana kuwedzera fekitori yakaiswa. Hydraulic microturbines irikugadzirwa nemasimba akaderera pane 10 kW, aya anobatsira kwazvo kushandisa simba reinetic renzizi uye kugadzira magetsi munzvimbo dziri dzoga. Iyo turbine inogadzira magetsi yakanangana mukuchinjana zvazvino uye haidi mvura inodonha, yekuwedzera zvivakwa kana mutengo wakakwira wekugadzirisa.
Spain parizvino ine dzinosvika mazana masere emagetsi emagetsi emhando dzakasiyana. Kune makumi maviri emagetsi emagetsi ane anopfuura 800 megawatts, ayo pamwechete anomiririra 20% yehuwandu hwemagetsi emagetsi. Kune rimwe divi, Spain ine gumi nemadhamu madiki ane simba risingasvike makumi maviri megawatts.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve iyo magetsi emagetsi uye kuti inoshanda sei.