Sainzi dzechisikigo dzinopatsanura zvakasiyana siyana zvisikwa zvepasi kuita mativi. Imwe yacho ndiyo geosphere. Vanodanwa seti yemakumi emakore epasi redu rinoumba chikamu chayo chakasimba. Pano tinogona kuwana zvose zvine chokuita nematombo uye zororo. Vanhu vazhinji havazivi chii chinonzi geosphere.
Nechikonzero ichi, isu tichakumikidza chinyorwa ichi kukuudza kuti geosphere chii, maitiro ayo, kuumbwa uye kukosha kwayo.
Chii chinonzi geosphere
Muzvidzidzo zvesainzi, muunganidzwa wemitsara inoumba chikamu chakasimba chePasi inonzi geosphere. Pamwe chete nehydrosphere (chikamu chemumvura), mhepo (chikamu chegasi) uye biosphere (zvose zvisikwa zvipenyu), zvinoumba zvikamu zvepasi redu zvinogona kugoverwa nekuongorora.
Kufanana nemamwe mapuraneti epasi (ane nzvimbo dzakasimba), Nyika inoumbwa nezvinhu zvine matombo ezvivakwa zvakasiyana uye inoratidza masimba akasiyana, mazhinji acho anodzokera kumashure ekutanga nguva dze geologic kana akaumbwa panguva dzakasimba dzezviitiko zvekuputika kwegomo. Mazhinji ematombo ekare anozivikanwa paPasi kubva ku4.400 bhiriyoni makore apfuura.
Nyanzvi dzeGeologist nedzimwe nyanzvi dzinoongorora geosphere kuburikidza nekuyedza kuongorora ivhu, kunyanya uko maratidziro enzvimbo akafumura iyo inowanzovanzwa nzvimbo.
Zvakare, zvakawanda zvakacherechedzwa ndezve theoretical kana zvinobva pakuverenga: huwandu uye huwandu hwePasi hazvigone kuyerwa zvakananga, asi kuburikidza nezvimwe zvinoverengeka zvinosiyana, senge giravhiti kana maungira emafungu ekudengenyeka.
Chimiro uye chimiro
Chimiro che geosphere chinodzidzwa kubva pamaonero maviri akasiyana: makemikari uye geological. Nezve kuumbwa kwayo kwemakemikari, geosphere ine zvikamu zvitatu: crust, mantle uye musimboti.
- Cortex (kubva pa0 kusvika ku35 km kudzika). Iro dombo repamusoro patiri kugara, uye ukobvu hwaro hunenge hutete hunotarisirwa kuve neavhareji density ye3,0 g/cm3. Izvi zvinosanganisira pasi pegungwa nekudzika kwakadzika. Iyo inonyanya kuumbwa nemafic matombo (simbi uye magnesium silicates), felsic matombo (sodium silicate, potassium silicate uye aluminosilicates).
- nguvo (kubva pa35 kusvika 2.890 km kudzika). Ndiwo mukobvu wakakora uye wakagadzirwa nematombo ari siliceous ane iron inokwira kupfuura yecrust. Apo patinopinda mukati mukati mejasi, kutonhora uye kudzvinyirira kunowedzera, kusvika kune imwe nzvimbo yakasimba mumatombo anoumba mantle, anokwanisa kubvumira mahwendefa etectonic kufamba uye kukonzera kudengenyeka kwenyika uye kudengenyeka kwenyika. Nekuda kwekumanikidzwa, chikamu chepamusoro chejasi hachina viscous uye yakawanda mvura kupfuura chikamu chezasi, chinosiyana muhukuru pakati pe1021 ne1024 Pa.s.
- Core (kubva pa2.890 kusvika 6.371 km kudzika). Mukati mePasi, panowanikwa zvinhu zvakaomesesa (Earth is the densest planet in the solar system). Nheyo yePasi yakakamurwazve kuita zvidimbu zviviri: iyo yekunze core (2890 kusvika 5150 kilometres kudzika) uye yemukati core (5150 kusvika 6371 makiromita kudzika), iyo inoumbwa zvakanyanya nesimbi (80%) uye nickel, nepo zvinhu zvakaita se lead. uye uranium iri kushomeka.
Pane kudaro, kubva pane geological point yekuona, iyo geosphere yakakamurwa kuita:
- Lithosphere (kubva pa0 kusvika ku100 km kudzika). Ichi ndicho chikamu chakasimba che geosphere, apo matombo akasimba anowanikwa, uye anoenderana nechepamusoro peganda uye mantle. Iyo yakakamurwa kuita nhevedzano ye tectonic kana lithospheric mahwendefa, pamipendero yavo seismic, volcanic uye orogeny phenomena inoitika.
- Asthenosphere (100 kusvika 400 km kudzika). Iyo inoumbwa ne semi-yakasimba kune ductile yakasimba zvinhu, zvinoenderana nejasi. Kufamba zvishoma nezvishoma kunoumba continental drift kunoitika ipapo, asi painoswedera pakadzika, inorasikirwa nemidziyo yayo uye inova yakaomarara seyakadzika mantle.
- Core (kubva pa2.890 kusvika 6.371 km kudzika). Nheyo, kana denderedzwa remukati, kumagumo kwejasi rezasi, ndiyo yepasi geological chikamu chinoumba hukuru hukuru hwePasi (60% yehuwandu). Radhiyasi yaro yakakura kupfuura yeMars (anenge makiromita 3.500), ine dzvinyiriro huru uye tembiricha iri pamusoro pe6.700 ° C. Iyo inoumbwa zvakanyanya nesimbi uye nickel, uye yakakamurwa kuita mvura yekunze core uye yakasimba yemukati core.
Kukosha kweiyo geosphere
Iyo geosphere ndiyo yekare chikamu chepasi redu uye zvese zvakavanzika zvayo zvinochengetwa pasi pekiyi uye kiyi. Nyanzvi dzepasi dziri kuedza kutsvaga nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzayakaumbwa nayo, dzinojekesawo kuumbwa kwedzimwe nyeredzi mugadziriro yezuva uye nokudaro mavambo echisiko chapose pose. Ndozvakaitawo seismology, sainzi inoedza kunzwisisa mamiriro eiyo geology uye tectonic kufamba kuitira kudzivirira kudengenyeka kwepasi kunogona kuitika uye kudzivirira kusakonzera kukuvadza kwakanyanya kuvanhu.
Kune rumwe rutivi, chidzidzo che geosphere chinofambidzana nekunzwisisa kwezvinhu zvatinogona kuwana paPasi, zvine zvakakosha kune maindasitiri akasiyana-siyana, engineering uye kutengeserana kwenyika dzakawanda, nezvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha.
Chinonyanya kukosha maitiro echikamu chimwe nechimwe che geosphere
Core
Nheyo, sezita rayo rinoratidza, inzvimbo yakadzika yePasi uye naizvozvo inowanikwa pakati pePasi. Kana tichitaura nezve musimboti, zvikamu zviviri zvinowanzosiyaniswa:
- Core
- Nucleus yekunze
Mwongo ndiyo chikamu chakasimba, kunyangwe zvakadaro nekuti chakakora kwazvo, sezvo iriwo nzvimbo inopisa kwazvo paNyika.
Iyo nucleus inonyanya kugadzirwa nezvinhu zvinorema zvakaita se iron, nickel, uranium negoridhe, pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti, nekuda kwehuremu hwazvo, panguva yekusiyanisa mapuraneti, zvinhu izvi zvinoguma munzvimbo dzakadzika dzepasi, pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinhu zvakareruka, asi zvakanamirwa kune zvinorema zvinhu, zvinodhonzerwawo kunzvimbo yakadzika. zveNyika.
nguvo
Kufanana nepakati, jasi rakakamurwa kuva jasi remukati uye kunze. Zvisinei, munyaya yejasi, isu hatisi kubata nechimiro chakasimba, asi pane imwe mvura. Saizvozvo, inogadzirwa zvikuru nemagma, iyo inopisa, inonamira iyo inoputika kubva mugomo rinoputika kana rasangana nemhepo, rakatumidzwa zita rokuti lava.
Iyo mantle ine yakafara seti yezvinhu, saka zvese zvinorema uye zvakareruka zvinhu zvinogona kuwanikwa. Nekuti iri mvura chimiro, zvakare inogara ichifamba chimiro. Izvi zvinoda izvo zvinonzi geological chiitiko, kunyanya mukudengenyeka kwenyika, kuputika kwemakomo, uye plate tectonic chiitiko.
Cortex
Iyo goko ndiyo yakasimba yekunze chikamu chePasi, asi izvi zvaive zvisiri izvo nguva dzose. Panguva yekuumbwa kwePasi, yakatonhora zvishoma nezvishoma uye, chaizvoizvo, inoramba ichitonhora. Kupisa kwekutanga kunopedzisira kwapararira kunze kwepasi, saka denga repamusoro rinotonhora, zvichiita kuti nzvimbo yakasimba iyangamire pamusoro pemvura, iyo inokwanisa kuchengetedza tembiricha yayo nekuda kwekuvharidzirwa kwecrust.
makwati Ndimo zvakare panounganidzwa zvinhu zvinopenya zvinoumba denderedzwa renyika.. Muchokwadi, imhaka yemamiriro ezvinhu aya kuti zvinhu zvakaita sedare, mutobvu, uranium kana goridhe zvakaoma kwazvo kuwana pamusoro penyika. Muchokwadi, kune maviri chete masosi eizvi zvinorema zvinhu. Vakazvuzvurudzwa nezvinhu zvakareruka uye vakasiiwa pamusoro pePasi panguva yekusiyanisa mapuraneti, kana kuti vakauya kupasi redu kuburikidza nemameteorites nemaasteroids mushure mekunge goko raoma, rakabonderana nevhu rakasimba, uye harina kunyura kana kugara munzvimbo.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda nezve iyo geosphere uye kuti ndeapi maitiro ayo.