Pakati pemamiriro ekunze akasiyana aripo pasirese uye ma biomes atinawo achinaya mvura. Mamiriro ekunze anosiyana kwazvo uye zvinoenderana nehukuru hwekuvapo kwemamiriro ekunze akasiyana siyana zvichienderana nehurefu uye kukwira matiri. Matunhu ane ruvengo akazara nemamiriro ekunze akashata akasiyana siyana uko zvisikwa zvinoda kujairana nemamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa.
Muchikamu chino tiri kuzokudzidzisa zvese zvaunoda kuti uzive nezve tunda, ayo maruva uye mhuka.
Chii chinonzi tundra
Iyo tundra inoreva kune bioclimatic landscape munzvimbo dziri padyo nenzvimbo dzegirazi. Izvo zvinowanzoitika munzvimbo dzinowanzo kuve dzakakwirira nzvimbo uye kuchamhembe hemisphere. Kumaodzanyemba hakuna tundra. Kunyanya, iyo tundra nzvimbo dziri mu:
- Alaska.
- Kumusoro kweAntarctica.
- Kuchamhembe kweEurope.
- Siberia.
- Iceland
- Kuchamhembe kweCanada.
- Russia
- Scandinavia.
- Chikamu chekumaodzanyemba cheGreenland.
- Nzvimbo dzakakwirira kwazvo dzeChile neArgentina.
- Zvimwe zvitsuwa zve subantarctic.
Hunhu hwe tundra ndeyekuti ive nemamiriro ekunze anotonhora ane tembiricha iri pasi pe zero zero. Munguva zhinji yegore inogona kusvika kumatembiricha akaderera kunge -70 madhigirii mukati memwedzi yechando. Izvi zvinomiririra dambudziko rakakomba kumarudzi ezvipenyu anogara munzvimbo idzi uye kune vanhu vanogara munzvimbo idzi. Kunaya kuri kushomeka munzvimbo idzi uye mhepo dzakasimba kwazvo, nekuzara kwakazara.
Ivhu harina zvinovaka muviri. Muchokwadi, iwo anenge akaomeswa nechando mukati megore. Mwedzi mishoma chete inogara zhizha ndipo panofukidzwa nevhu nemiriwo uye hupenyu hunowanda. Idzo nyika panowanikwa tundra inyika dzine kupona kwakaomarara kwazvo. Vakanaka chete uye avo vanoziva kushandisa mikana yakanaka vanokwanisa kurarama gore rimwe nerimwe.
Nezve geology yenyika idzi, isu tinowana akatsiga machira echando ayo ari munzvimbo isina kudzika kudzika. Ichi chando chisingagumi chinonzi permafrost. Unogona kuwana nzvimbo hombe dzakagwamba nechando idzo, mukati memwedzi yezhizha, dzinopa kumahombekombe madiki uye peat bogs panowanda huwandu hwakawanda hwezvinhu zvakasikwa.
Mhando dze tundra
Iyo tundra haisi yemamiriro ekunze akabatana ane hunhu hwakafanana. Sezvo ichiitika munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi, mune yega yega inoita neimwe nzira kana imwe. Ngatitarisei pamhando dzakasiyana dze tundra dziripo.
- Arctic. Rudzi urwu rwemamiriro ekunze ndirwo runowanikwa kuNorth Hemisphere uye rwunofukidza zvakawanda zveCanada neAlaska. Tembiricha nemamiriro ekunze munzvimbo idzi anoita kuti zvipenyu zvakasiyana zvive zvishoma. Nekudaro, isu tinogona kufunga kuti, kune akaomesesa mamiriro aripo, kune mhando dzakasiyana dzemhuka nezvirimwa zvakashanduka panguva yekushanduka kuita kune aya mamiriro akaipisisa.
- Alpine. Imwe mhando tundra inowanikwa munzvimbo dzemakomo. Ivo vari panzvimbo yakakwirira, saka tembiricha yakaderera. Pano tinowana mashoma marudzi emiti nemhuka pane mune yapfuura tundra. Izvi zvakare zvakakonzerwa nekukwira uye kudzikira kwekumanikidza nehurefu.
- Antarctica. Ndicho chidiki pane zvese. Inongowanikwa mune zvimwe zviwi zviri kure nemakondinendi. Ivo vane zvishoma zvakasiyana uye zvinongogarwa zvakanyanya nezvisimbiso nemapenguin.
Flora
Tembiricha yemamiriro ekunze inoita kuti maruva aenderane nechando chakanyanya. Kushomeka kwehutano kunoreva kuti mhando zhinji dzemiti hadzigoni kurarama. Iko hakuna miti yakadaro, asi kune mamwe marudzi ehuremu hwakadzika uye akapararira munzvimbo dzese. Izvi zvinomera zvinoiswa mukuteedzana kunoenderana zvinovatendera kuti vararame mumamiriro ezvinhu ane hukasha. Semuenzaniso, vanokura padyo nematombo anovadzivirira kubva kumhepo, vachikwanisa kumera uye kutumbuka nekukurumidza mukati memwedzi yezhizha.
Zvakare, isu tinochengeta zvidiki zvidiki zvinozvitendera kuti zvipinze kupisa kubva pasi. Izvo zvinomera zve tundra zvine kunyanya mosses, lichen, mamwe madiki shrub, uye husingaperi huswa. Maruva etundra anoderedzwa ne:
- Birch diki. Iwo muti unongosvika chete pamusoro pe 70 cm pakureba. Igwenzi.
- Lichen jelly. Lichen ine saizi hombe inogona kuwanikwa.
- Yagel Mosses. Iyo imwe lichen inokwanisa kurarama anopfuura makore mazana mashanu.
- lingonberry. Dyara iyo inongori 30 cm kureba uye ine ma berries ane kutapira kunonaka.
- Dema Raven. Chimwe chirimwa chidiki chine zvinotapira-kuravira maabriji. Inozivikanwa kuva nemishonga.
fauna of
Sezvakaita zvirimwa, mhuka dzese dzakagadziriswa maitiro mushure mekushanduka munzvimbo idzi. Mazhinji marudzi emhuka anobudirira muArctic tundra. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti kune hukuru hukuru hwegungwa kana iri padyo negungwa. Isu tinowana mhando dzakasiyana dzezvisimbiso uye shumba dzegungwa munzvimbo idzi.
Mhuka dzakashandura kune aya mamiriro nekusimudzira, semuenzaniso, rakakora-rakapetwa fur kana zvidimbu zvemafuta pasi peganda ravo. Aya marara akasarudzika anovadzivirira kubva kunotonhora uye kwakanyanya mamiriro ekunze senge chando dutu. Iyo chena ruvara rweganda inoibatsira kuti isanganise munzvimbo yainonyanya kuve sinou.
Pakati pemhuka dzakawanda kwazvo dzatinowana:
- Caribou Iyo ndiyo yakawanda kwazvo reindeer par kugona. Yakajaira kugara munzvimbo dzakaomarara.
- Polar hare. Ruvara rwehuto hwavo hunoshanduka zvinoenderana nemwaka wekuvanda kukuru.
- Ermine. Icho chipfuwo chakafanana neiyo weasel. Hibernate kuitira kuti urarame.
- Arctic Wolf. Iyo idiki muhukuru uye jasi rayo rinosiyanawo zvichienderana nenguva yegore.
- Mhuka yekunechando. Zvirinani kuzivikanwa kune vese uye vanokanganiswa nemhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye kusungunuka kwemazaya echando.
Sezvauri kuona, iyo tundra inzvimbo yemamiriro ekunze apo mhuka nezvirimwa zvinofanirwa kujairana nemamiriro akaomesesa.