Spain yakavhura zvakare kune iyo inovandudzwa chikamu

Shanduko yakachena iri kutsvaira nyika. Zvakanaka, kwete zvese. Iwo masimba makuru akagamuchira matekinoroji anovandudzwa ekugadzira magetsi anotyairwa nemitengo inodonha. Pakati pa2013 na2015, simba remhepo rakaiswa rakakura kupfuura makumi maviri muzana muEurope, 20% muAsia uye 36% muNorth America. Spain, zvakadaro, yakatarisa kune imwe nzira; Munguva imwecheteyo, yakakura ne0,07% pano, yakaenzana nekuisa chete manomwe emagetsi emagetsi mumakore maviri. Pakati pa2013 na2015, photovoltaic simba rezuva rakawedzera neanopfuura gumi neshanu muzana muEurope, 15% muAsia uye 58% muNorth America. Pano panguva imwechete iyoyo zuva rakabatana negeidhi yemagetsi rakakura pano chete ne52%.

Nei Spain yanga iri pakati pekumiswazve kwemakore mashanu kana yaive mutungamiri wenyika makore gumi apfuura? Nyika yakatambura nekuzvimbirwa kukuru, musanganiswa wezvinhu zvakati wandei: nzvimbo huru yesimba rinowedzerwazve munguva iyo tekinoroji yanga isina kukura uye ichida rubatsiro ruzhinji rwevanhu, dambudziko rakaderedza zvakanyanya kudiwa kwemagetsi; uye yakanyanyisa kudzidziswa system —Pane simba rakawanda rakaiswa kupfuura rinodiwa— zvichibva pazvinhu zvinodhura zvemafuta emuchadenga nekuiswa. Makore mashanu mushure mekumiswa kwakatemwa neHurumende yePP, mega-okisheni yemamegawati zviuru zviviri inopedzwa kuisa matsva. Spain, ichimanikidzirwa nezvisungo zveEuropean zvainofanira kuzadzisa, inoedza kubuda mugomba mairi.

Fernando Monera anoshandura makumi manomwe emakore mwedzi unouya. Uye zvinotora zvinopfuura Makore makumi mana munyika yezvinhu zvinogadziriswa. Akave akapinda uye akapinda mukutanga, kusimuka uye kudonha kwechikamu muSpain.

Kutanga kwemutsva

Monera akasvika muBarajas muna1976 aine jira rezuva pasi peruoko rwake. "Ndauya neyekutanga photovoltaic pani yekupinda muSpain." Iri kadhi rako rebhizinesi. Akazvitenga pane tech tech muUS. Kubva ipapo, Monera yakabatanidzwa kune ino chikamu kuburikidza nekambani ye photovoltaic iyo yaakatangisa, Elecsol. Kwemakore anopfuura gumi, kusvika pakati pemakumi masere, siwe unoshanda wakanangana nekuiswa kwemahwendefa mudzimba dziri dzoga, makumi ezviuru edzimba idzo mumaruwa eSpain hadzina kusunganidzwa kune gridhi yemagetsi.

Hurumende yakabvumidza chirongwa chekutanga chinogona kudzoreredzwa muna 1986. Panguva iyoyo, simba remagetsi - iro rinogadzira simba kuburikidza nemachakwi uye rinowira muchikamu chezvekugadziriswa - yakanga yatovapo muSpain. Uye pakanga paine zvimwe zviitiko zvezuva nezuva uye nekuiswa kwemhepo zvakasungirirwa kune gridhi. "Vaingova ekutsvagisa zvirongwa," Monera anoyeuka.

Asi zvaive zvisati zvave pakati pe1994s apo iko kwechokwadi kukura kweaya maviri matekinoroji kwakaitika. "Gamesa yakaisa purazi yayo yekutanga yemhepo muna XNUMX," anoyeuka kudaro Juan Diego Díaz, director director wekambani uye mutungamiri weSpanish Wind Power Association. "Isu takave nebudiriro yakasimba kwazvo nemapurazi emhepo ekutanga muna 1998 na1999", Anowedzera José Miguel Villarig, purezidhendi weAssociation of Renewable Energy Makambani (APPA).

Chikamu chinowedzera

“Gunyana 11, 2001. Handikwanise kukanganwa musi wacho. Zuva iri ndakatengesa kambani yangu kune imwe kambani yekuAmerica ”. "Muna 2001, vanhu mazana matatu vaishandira kambani iyi," anoyeuka. Muna 300 Gamesa yakaendawo kuruzhinji ndokutanga zano rayo repasi rese. Iyo 2000-2010 chirongwa chinowedzerwazve chaive chatove kushanda. "Muna 2004, mamwe magetsi anosvika mazana masere emamegawatts emagetsi anga atoiswa muSpain," anodaro Villarig, anobva kuAPPA. Izvo zvakaenzana nechetatu chesimba razvino reiyi tekinoroji yakachena muSpain. Panyaya yemagetsi emhepo, kukura kwayo kwaive kwakatsetseka uye kumwe kurongeka.

Nyonganiso dzakateedzana nezuva. "Kwakanga kuri kuitika kamwe kamwe," anobvuma kudaro Villarig. "Takaita chimwe chinhu chisingagoneki," anowedzera Alberto Amores, Monitor Deloitte mudiwa akasarudzika musimba. "Yakanga iri mhosho yekutonga," anodaro José Donoso, director weSpanish Photovoltaic Union (Unef).

Dzese dzinoreva kune zvakaitika muna2008 ne photovoltaics uye tiguu yeavo anonzi mapurazi ezuva. Hurumende yePSOE, yakavhura ruoko kuisa michina. Uye huwandu hwemapurazi, ayo aive maprimiyamu, akawedzera. Muna 2007, maererano ne data kubva kuRed Eléctrica de España, 637 megawatts e photovoltaics anga aiswa. Gore rakatevera, paiva ne3.355 XNUMX; Mumwedzi mishoma, simba uye, nekudaro, maprimiyamu, ayo aidiwa kuti vagadziri vakwanise kutarisana nekudyara, akawedzeredzwa neshanu.

"Maprimiyamu aive akawandisa," anodaro José María Baldasano, purofesa weEnjiniya yeEnjiniya kuPolytechnic University yeCatalonia. Asi dambudziko riri pasi, rinowedzera nyanzvi iyi, ndeyekuti Spain haina kunge iine "kuronga chaiko" kubvira 2000 kudzikisira chikamu chayo chemagetsi.

Sector tsaona

Monera akange aenda pamudyandigere muna 2006 uye, kunyangwe hazvo aive nehukama nechikamu, yakasiyiwa kunze kwedutu rakarova matsva kubva muna 2008. "Yakanga iri dutu rakanaka," anodaro Amores, Deloitte. Dambudziko rakanyudza kudiwa kwemagetsi, ayo nanhasi anoramba ari pamatanho akafanana neaya a2004, anoyeuka Villarig. Izvi zvakaramba zvichisimbisa dambudziko rekunyanyisa kwemagetsi., izvo izvo zvigadziriso zvaisangova nebasa chete. Kubva kumaXNUMX, Amores anoyeuka, Spain yakatanga kuvaka zvakasanganiswa kutenderera michero, "zvakare kufungidzira kuti kudiwa kuchakura." Izvi ndizvo zvinomera zvinoshandisa gasi kuburitsa magetsi, ayo, kunyangwe ari kusvibisa zvishoma kupfuura magetsi emagetsi emarasha, ivo vanodzingawo CO₂. "Maitikisheni ave kushanda pa10% kana 12%," anobvuma Antoni Peris, purezidhendi weSedigas.

Izvo zvirimwa zvakavakwa uye zvisina kushandiswa uye maprimiyamu akabatsira pakushomeka kwemitero, iyo yava kutenderera zviuru makumi maviri nezviviri. Uku kushomeka - mutsauko uripo pakati pevanogadzira magetsi nevanovagovera kuburikidza nemitero nekodzero dzekuunganidza dzavakaona nemitemo yakateedzana yakatenderwa makore gumi nemanomwe apfuura - yaisave chete mhosva yekudzoserwa. Asi iyo PP Hurumende yakashandisa nharo yekudikanwa kuidzikisa kupa chirevo chekumiswa kwezvinogadziriswa mu2012 uye iyo yakatemwa mune zvinokurudzira.

Gore rakapfuura, weSocialist Executive akashandisa akacheka maprimiyamu ekutanga, ayo anga achiitika. "Photovoltaic zvirimwa zvakarasikirwa pakati pe15% uye 55% yemari", Donoso anoverenga.

Varidzi vazhinji vemapurazi vakapedzisira vavaendesa kumabhangi, ayo aive avapa mari. Uye kucheka kwemaprimiyamu kwakaita kuti Spain ive imwe yenyika dzepasirese nezvikumbiro zvakanyanya pamberi peICSID, mutumbi wekupokana weWorld Bank unoona nekugadzirisa kusawirirana pakati peMatunhu nevekunze vekunze. Ikozvino pane makumi maviri neshanu dzakatumirwa, kunyangwe hazvo pasati pagadziriswa.

Kune iyo mhepo chikamu iko kumisa kwanga kusiri kwakanyanya, kunyangwe makambani akamanikidzwa kutarisa kunze kwenyika. Semuenzaniso, 50% yeiyo Gamesa yemhepo turbine yekugadzira mu2008 yaive yemumba musika. "Nhasi 100% inotumirwa kunze kwenyika," anodaro Díaz. Ehe, kurasikirwa nebasa kwaive kwakakura. Chikamu chemhepo chakashandisa vanhu zviuru makumi mana muna2008. Nhasi vava zviuru makumi maviri nezviviri.

The Future

"Ndanga ndabhowekana ndikadzoka." Kurega basa kwaMonera hakuna kugara kwenguva refu. Pakutanga kwegumi rino akatanga imwe photovoltaic kambani. "Asi anga asisina mapaki ezuva." Ikozvino yakazvipira kune yega-yekushandisa, kune mahwendefa ayo vagari vanogona kuisa mudzimba kana makambani ekuvaitira magetsi uye kuarasira kune grid uye kuchaja. Asi chikamu chephotovoltaic chave kurwisana neHurumende yePP kwemakore mashanu pamusoro penyaya iyi; Vanomupomera mhosva yekuisa zvipingaidzo, zvakaita semutero pazuva. Uye zvakare, Hurumende yakatora makore mashanu kubvumidza mutemo unodzora kuzvidya wega.

Muchikamu chemhepo, ziso riri pamatengesi. Pakupera kwaKubvumbi kana kutanga kwaMay, imwe yakarongerwa kuitirwa kuisa zviuru zviviri zvemamegawati anowedzerwazve — ayo anogona kusvika zviuru zvitatu-. "Zvinoreva kudzokera kunzira yekuisa zvigadziriswazve," anodaro Daniel Navia, Secretary of State for Energy, uyo anoyeuka kukosha kwekuzadzisa zvinangwa zveEuropean. "Tekinoroji yakura zvakanyanya," anodaro Navia: "Zvino mitengo yakaderera inoshamisa." Zvakawanda zvekuti auction yekupedzisira yakaitwa gore rapfuura -kwemamegawati mazana mashanu emagetsi emhepo - zvakatorwa nekambani ine chikumbiro chekuti ubhadhare chete zvinoratidzwa nemusika wekutengesandiko kuti, pasina maprimiyamu. "Mari yekugadzira mumakore gumi apfuura yadonha ne60% muchikamu chemhepo." Chinhu chakafanana chakaitika ne photovoltaics.

40% yemagetsi akagadzirwa ikozvino kuSpain kunobva kunzvimbo dzakachena, nekutenda kunyanya kune magetsi emagetsi nemagetsi akaiswa mumakore gumi apfuura. Asi nyika, senge iyo EU yese, inofanirwa kuwedzera mugove wayo wesimba rakachena. Na2050 -nguva pfupi pfupi, kana munhu akafunga kuti mari dziri muchikamu ichi dzakarongerwa makore makumi maviri nemakumi maviri nemashanu - magetsi ese anofanirwa kunge yakasarudzwa kutevedzera Chibvumirano cheParis chinopesana nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Mune mamwe mazwi, nepakati pezana ramakore, hazvingakwanise kuburitsa magetsi nemidziyo inoburitsa CO.₂. Uye iyo nzira, munhu wese anobvuma, inowedzerwazve.