Panyika yedu pane mhando dzakasiyana dzemhuka zvichienderana nenzvimbo dzavanogara uye nemashandiro avakaita kuti vakwanise kurarama munzvimbo idzi. Nhasi tichataura nezvazvo Mhuka dzegungwa. Idzi mhuka dzinopa yakakosha biodiversity yakasvika kwakatenderedza mazana mazana maviri nemakumi matatu ezvisikwa mumakungwa epasi. Iyi nhamba inoreva mhando dzinozivikanwa uye inofungidzira iyo chaiyo nhamba inogona kusvika miriyoni imwe. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti mhuka zhinji dzichiri kuwanikwa dzakapihwa kunetseka kwekutsvaga kwevanhu makungwa uye nehunyanzvi hwavo.
Muchikamu chino tiri kuzokuudza zvese zvaunoda kuti uzive nezve mhuka dzemugungwa uye nehunhu hwavo hukuru.
Hunhu hwemhuka dzegungwa
Pamarudzi ese aripo muboka iri remhuka dzegungwa hunhu hwakawanda ihove dzine dzinosvika zviuru gumi nezvitanhatu. Pamaketeni pane dzinosvika makumi masere emarudzi. Mhuka zhinji dzinoiswa mukati zooplankton sezvo dziri mhuka diki kwazvo. Zvisikwa zvipenyu zvegungwa zvakaderera zvakanyanya kupfuura zvipenyu zvepasi rose nekuda kwekuenzana kwenzvimbo. Chimwe chinokanganisa kusimudzira kweiyi biodiversity kushomeka kwezvimwe zviwanikwa zvine sarudzo yehupenyu, senge huwandu hwechiedza.
Pakati peakakosha hunhu hwemhuka dzemumvura tinowana chokwadi chekuti dzinoda svikiro rakaumbwa nemvura ine yakanyanya zvemunyu kuti igare. Sezvatakambotaura pakutanga kwechinyorwa, nhevedzano yekushandurwa inodikanwa inoitendera kuti igare munzvimbo ino, zvinoenderana nerudzi rwemhuka. Semuenzaniso, kana tikaenda kuhove nemagungwa emhuka, takaona kuti vane mweya wekufema unovagonesa kutora oxygen yakanyauka mumvura. Pane rimwe divi, kune lungfishfish iyo inogona kutora mukana weatmosheni mhepo.
Mhuka dzinovaraidza mugungwa ndidzo dzinopihwa chete mapapu uye dzinochengeta kukwira kumusoro kwepamusoro kufema mweya. Mhuka dzemumvura dzinofanirwa kumira kwakasiyana-siyana kumunyu munharaunda uye tembiricha yemvura yegungwa. Kugona kumira nemamiriro ese ezvemamiriro ekunze aripo munzvimbo dzemumvura, zvakateedzana zvakaitwa pamusoro pemamirioni emakore zvinodikanwa
Boka remhuka dzegungwa dzinosanganisira mhuka dzesingaite dzesingaite uye dzesimba. Kufukidza boka rekutanga tinoona hove, zvinokambaira, zvipuka uye shiri dzegungwa. Mune invertebrates isu tine rimwezve rakawandisa boka rinosanganisira honye dzemumvura, echinoderms, sponges, crustaceans uye mollusks.
Kugadziriswa kwemhuka dzemumvura
Tiri kuenda kunoona kuti ndedzipi shanduko huru idzo mhando idzi dzemhuka dzaifanira kukwanisa kurarama munzvimbo idzi.
Kufema
Kufema ndiko, pamwe, chinonyanya kudikanwa kuchinjirwa kune rudzi urwu rwezvakatipoteredza. Sezvo mhuka dzemumvura dzichigara munzvimbo yemumvura, dzinofanira kusangana nedambudziko rekufema okisijeni yakakosha kuti ivepo. Munzvimbo iyi, oxygen inonyungudika mumvura, saka nhengo dzakasiyana dzinodiwa kuti dzikwanise kusefa oxygen yakanyungudutswa iri mumvura. Mhuka dzegungwa vane diffusion yekufema kana gill kufema. Kufuridzirwa kufema kunoshandiswa nemhuka dzechipanji uye nemamwe mapoka akawanda. Inosanganisira kutora mweya we oxygen kuburikidza neganda uye nesero membranes. Kune rimwe divi, brachial kufema kunoshandiswa nehove. Ivo vanoshandisa gills kuti vagone kusefa iyo yakanyungudika okisijeni mumvura.
Musanganiswa wemunyu
Kumwe kugadziridzwa uko mhuka dzemumvura dzinofanirwa kukwanisa kurarama munzvimbo idzi kumiririra misiyano iri musanganiswa yemunyu. Semuyenzaniso, coral polyps haawanzo kurarama mumvura ine munyu. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kushamisa ndezve coelacanth. Uye ndeyekuti inounganidza zuva rimwe muropa rako kuti igone kuenzanisa kuwanda kwesalt mumvura. Nenzira iyi, zvinokwanisika kuenzanisa kuwanda kwemunyu mukati nekunze, uchifunga kuti maseru ari kurasikirwa nemvura mune midhiya aine huwandu hwakanyanya hwemunyu.
Temperatura
Kumwe kugadziriswa kwemhuka dzegungwa kutonhora. Iyo tembiricha yegungwa inosiyana pakati pepamusoro uye mukati memvura yakadzika. Iyi tembiricha inosiyana nekuda kwesimba rezuva iro iro chikamu chepamusoro chinogashira. Mvura inodziya panzvimbo dzakadzika pedyo neEquator uye inotonhora kwazvo pamapango.. Kune chikamu chayo, isu tinoziva zvakare kuti dzakasiyana mhando dzinoenderana nechero mamiriro zvichienderana nekwaunogara. Semuenzaniso, kune mhuka dzegungwa dzeArctic dzine antifreeze mapuroteni muropa. Isu zvakare tine cetaceans ayo anotarisana nedambudziko nekukwirira kwetembiricha yemuviri uye kuva nehuswa hwakakora hwemafuta pasi peganda ravo unovabatsira kuchengetedza kupisa kwemuviri.
Mhando dzemhuka dzegungwa
Tichadoma mazita kuti ndeapi marudzi akasiyana emhuka dzegungwa kuti zvive nyore. Kune mapoka maviri akakura anozivikanwa semhuka dzemhuka uye zvipuka zvisina musana. Iri boka risingapindike rinosanganisira 95% yemhuka dzese dzegungwa.
Vertebrates
Muboka remhuka dzemhuka tine vese avo vane musana Daniel. Ndizvo here hove, zvinokambaira mumvura uye zvipuka, pamwe neshiri. Mukati meboka rehove tinowana mhasuru, shwashwa uye hove dzisina shaya. Muboka rezvinokambaira pane hove dzegungwa uye nyoka dzegungwa.
Vertebrate mammals ndiwo anomiririrwa neboka recetaceans, sirenids, phocids uye otarids. Nezve shiri dzegungwa, inofanirwa kuverengerwa zvichienderana nekuti vanogara zvakanyanya mumvura yegungwa kana vanoonekwa semhuka dzegungwa sezvo vachida iyi nharaunda yemumvura yekudya nekugara.
Invertebrates
Iri boka remhuka rinoenderana nehuwandu hwakawanda hwemhuka dziripo mumakungwa. Ivo havana maficha akajeka emukati, hapana mapfupa, kana shwashwa. Isu tinosanganisira iyoarthropods, crustaceans, mollusks, echinoderms uye porifers. Kufanana nedzimwe mhuka dzese, ivo vanogadzirawo cnidarians, senge makorari uye jellyfish, flatworms inozivikanwawo seye flatworms kana gungwa slugs uye annelids.
Ndinovimba kuti neruzivo urwu unogona kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pemhuka dzegungwa uye hunhu hwadzo.