Kunetsekana kwekuchengetedzwa uye kuchengetedzwa kwenzvimbo chinhu chave kubuda mukati mezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri. Semunhu paanoona kuti kubvira kuvandudzwa kweshanduko yeindasitiri ari kudzikisira nekuparadza nyika, anoziva kuti anofanira kumisa kana kudzora nzira dzekushandisa zviwanikwa uye kudzikisira kusvibiswa uye kuburitsa kumhepo, mvura nevhu. .
Vachifunga nezvekuburitsa kumhepo, vatungamiriri venyika dzinoburitsa magasi mazhinji mudenga vanogadzira iyo inonzi Kyoto Protocol yekudzideredza. Chii chinonzi Kyoto Protocol uye chii chiri kuyedza kuwana? Ndeipi nguva yainofukidza uye zvinangwa zvipi?
Iko greenhouse mhedzisiro uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze
Kuti tinzwisise izvo Kyoto Protocol inoda kumisa, isu tinofanirwa kuzivisa zvakakomba zviitiko uye zviitiko izvo nyika yedu iri kutambura nekubuda mumhepo inotorwa kubva mumabasa edu ehupfumi. Chekutanga ndiko kuwedzera kweye greenhouse mhedzisiro. Izvo zvinonzi "greenhouse athari" ine kuwedzera kwekushisa kwepasi zvinokonzerwa nekuita kweimwe boka remagasi, mamwe acho akagadzirwa zvakanyanya nemurume, ayo anopinza infrared radiation, zvichikonzera nzvimbo yepasi uye chikamu chepazasi chemukatikati memhepo yakatenderedza kupisa. Iko nekuda kweiyi greenhouse mhedzisiro iyo hupenyu paPasi hunogoneka, nekuti, kana zvisiri izvi, avhareji tembiricha ingangove yakatenderedza -88 madhigirii. Naizvozvo, hatifanire kuvhiringidza iyo greenhouse mhedzisiro sedambudziko rezvakatipoteredza, asi kuwedzera kwayo.
Kuwedzera kweiyi greenhouse mhedzisiro kunokonzera shanduko mumamiriro ekunze epasi rese, nekuti masisitimu epasi redu haana kufanana kana kugadzikana nekufamba kwenguva. Izvi zvinozivikanwa sekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Iyo Kyoto Protocol inomuka kudzikamisa kuwedzera kwe greenhouse maitiro nekuderedza kuburitsa kwemweya wemweya mudenga, uye nekudaro nekudzivirira shanduko yemamiriro ekunze.
Iyo Kyoto Protocol
Iyo Kyoto Protocol yave nhanho yakakosha yakanangana nehutongi hwepasi rose kudzikisa gasi inokanganisa kupisa mumhepo. Chibvumirano chepasi rose chekudzivirira shanduko yemamiriro ekunze umo nyika dzese dzakazvibvumidza dzakaita kudzikisa gasi ravo repasi rose mumabasa avo ehupfumi. Yakatenderwa muna1997 uye zvakatora gore rese kuti nhengo dzesangano reFreimwork Convention pamusoro peKushanduka kweMamiriro ekunze dzibvumirane kuti chibvumirano chinofanira kuverengerwa mune izvo zvirevo zvakaomesesa zvakaratidzirwa kuitira kudzikisa gasi.
Mushure memimwe misangano, makakatanwa nekutaurirana, Chibvumirano chakatanga kushanda muna 1994. Kwapera gore, hurumende dzakatanga kutaurirana pakati padzo pachibvumirano chenyika dzakawanda icho chaizotsanangura nzira dzekubuda mumhepo dzenyika imwe neimwe zvichibva pahupfumi hwayo. . Ichi chibvumirano chepasi rese chinofanirwa kushanda pamwe nekuzvimiririra kwayo. Pakupedzisira, Yakagamuchirwa pamwe chete mu1997 uye yakatanga kushanda mu2005.
Ndezvipi zvinangwa zvikuru zveKyoto Protocol?
Chinangwa chikuru cheKyoto Protocol ndeyekuderedza gasi rinokanganisa gasi kune dzese nyika dzakazvibvumidza. Izvi zvinangwa zvinoenderana zvakanyanya nehupfumi hwenyika. Kana nyika iri kusimukira, ichakwanisa kuburitsa mamwe magreenhouse gasi kunatsiridza hupfumi hwayo uye kugadzirwa. Kune rimwe divi, nyika yakabudirira ine yakanaka GDP ichafanirwa kudzikisira mweya wayo, sezvo iri mutoro kupfuura dzimwe nyika dzine mashoma emhepo ekuwedzera kwe greenhouse mhedzisiro.
Kudzikisira kweprotocol kwakatangira pa -8% kusvika + 10% yeanobuda nyika dzakasiyana muna1999 "nechinangwa chekudzikisa huwandu hwemhepo idzi kusvika kune yakaderera isingasvike pasi pe5%. Kusvika 1990 muna nguva yekuzvipira pakati pa2008 na2012 ». Tiri kutaura nezvekudzikiswa kwe5% mumagasi epasi rese munyika dzakasimukira. Nekudaro, nyika yega yega zvichienderana nehupfumi hwayo ichafanirwa kudzikisira emhepo zvakanyanya kana zvishoma zvine chekuita nematanho akaburitswa muna 1990. European Union inofanira kudzora 8%, 6% Canada, 7% USA (kunyangwe yakasiya chibvumirano), 6% muHungary, Japan nePoland. New Zealand, Russia neUkraine dzinofanira kudzikamisa kubuda kwavo, nepo Norway ichigona kuvawedzera kusvika pa1%, Australia ne8% (yakazobvisa rutsigiro rwayo rweProtocol) neIceland ne10%. EU yakagadza chibvumirano chayo chemukati chekusvitsa chinangwa chayo che8% nekugovera zvikamu zvakasiyana pakati penhengo dzenyika. Izvi zvinangwa zvinotangira pakucheka kwe28% muLuxembourg uye 21% kuDenmark neGerman kusvika kukuwedzera kwe25% kuGreek uye 27% muPortugal.
Hunhu hweKyoto Protocol
Nyika dzakabvumidza Protocol dzine nzira dzinoverengeka dzekuzadzisa zvinangwa izvo chete nekudzikisa mweya. Semuyenzaniso, vanogona kuwedzera huwandu hwe "masinki" ayo anobvisa magreenhouse gases. Nekuwedzera kwenzvimbo yemasango, yakawanda carbon dioxide inogona kubviswa kubva mudenga. Iyo Protocol inopa kuchinjika kune nyika kuti uku kuwedzera kwemasinki kunogona kuitwa mudunhu renyika kana kune dzimwe nyika, sezvo kuburitswa kwepasi rose kuchitarirwa.
Imwe nzira yekuzadzisa tarisiro yekudzikisa gasi iri kuburikidza emission kodzero yekutengesa. Ndokunge, kodzero yenyika kuburitsa toni imwe yegreenhouse gasi mumhepo. Nyika dzinogona kutengesera kodzero dzekubvisa pakati padzo. Kana nyika iine kodzero yekuburitsa yakawanda yekuburitsa shoma, inogona kuitengesa kune imwe nyika inoda kuburitsa yakawanda kuvandudza hupfumi hwayo.
Iyo Kyoto Protocol chibvumirano chakaomarara nekuti haifanire kungoshanda chete pakurwisa dambudziko repasirese senge shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, asi zvakare inofanirwa kuve inogamuchirwa mune zvematongerwo enyika uye ine hupfumi. Aya matambudziko anoita kuti protocol ifambire mberi zvishoma nezvishoma uye zvinangwa hazvisi kuzadzikiswa zvizere. Zvinangwa zvacho hazvisunge, nekudaro chero nyika haigone kuzosangana nazvo uye haigamuchire chero chirango. Kuti kuwedzere kusvinura uye kutevedzera zvinangwa, huwandu hwemapoka nemakomiti akagadzirwa kuti atarisire nekugadzirisa zvirongwa zvawo zvakawedzera, kunyangwe mushure mekubvumidzwa kwechibvumirano muna 1997.
Kukanganisa kweKyoto Protocol
Nyika dzinobvumirana neKyoto Protocol dzinoedza kudzikisa gasi inodzivirira kupisa inodzivirira kudzivirira kusvika kumatambudziko epasi rose pamusoro pemadhigirii maviri. Masayendisiti enharaunda, mushure meongororo yakawanda pamusoro pemamiriro ekunze uye nemhedzisiro yemagesi pairi, akakwanisa kumisikidza muganho weshanduko isingadzoreke mune zvese zvipenyu zvepasi kuwedzera kwemadhigirii maviri mukushisa kwepasi rose. Kubva ipapo, shanduko uye zvakashata zvinokanganisa zviwanikwa zvinogona kukuvadza uye kusagadziriswa kwehupenyu sekuzviziva kwedu.
Kune ese aya zvikonzero, zvibvumirano zvepasi rese zvinofanirwa kuyedza kuratidza chiyero chisina kujeka. Avo vanotsvaga rutsigiro ruzhinji kazhinji havana simba zvakakwana kugadzirisa matambudziko avari kuyedza kugadzirisa. Mune ino kesi, zvinangwa zveKyoto Protocol ivo havadi chinzvimbo chakaringana kuti vagone kusapfuura madhigirii maviri ekuwedzera kwekushisa.
Pfupiso yeiyo Kyoto Protocol
Hunhu hukuru uye zvinangwa zveKyoto Protocol zvakapfupiswa pano:
- Iyo protocol yeUnited Nations Sisitimu Musangano weKushanduka Kwemamiriro ekunze (UNFCCC), uye chibvumirano chepasi rose icho chine chinangwa chekudzikisa gasi inokanganisa kupisa pasi rese.
- Iwo magasi makuru anobatsira mukukanganisa kwe greenhouse ndeatanhatu: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane gasi (CH4) uye nitrous oxide (N2O), uye mamwe matatu ma fluorinated magasi emabhizimusi: hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) uye hexafluoride sarufa (SF6).
- Iyo yepasirose muzana yekudzikiswa kwegasi ndeye 5% zvine chekuita nekubuditsa kwepasi rose kwaivapo muna 1990.
- Haasi nyika dzese dzakabvumidza iyo protocol dzinofanira kudzikisa emissions zvakaenzana.
- Iyo Kyoto Protocol yakagamuchirwa muna 1997 ikatanga kushanda muna 2005.
- Zvinangwa zvekudzikisa gasi zvakazadzikiswa munguva kubva 2008 kusvika 2012.
- Iyo protocol inosunga zviri pamutemo kana pasingasvike nyika makumi mashanu nemashanu vakaibvumidza, kusanganisira nyika dzakasimukira dzine utsi hwese hunomiririra inosvika makumi mashanu neshanu muzana muzana yemweya wakazara wakasviba muna55
- Nyika dzinogona kushambadzira kodzero yegasi inokanganisa gasi.
- Iyo Kyoto Protocol inonyatso kupera muna 2020 kana zviito zveChibvumirano cheParis zvatanga kuitika.
Sezvaungave iwe waona, iyo Kyoto Protocol yakaoma kwazvo. Neruzivo urwu iwe unozogona kuziva zvishoma nezve ichi chibvumirano chinopesana nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, nekuti chakakosha kwatiri tese uye nekwezvizvarwa zvedu.
Neichi chikonzero, zvakakoshawo kuti nyika dzichengetedze nyika:
