Kamar yadda muka sani, a Spain muna da haɗin makamashi don biyan buƙatu a duk faɗin ƙasar. Da tushen makamashi a Spain Suna da asali daban daban kuma sun kasu kashi biyu zuwa sabani da kuma hanyoyin samarda makamashi. Ta hanyar makamashi na farko mun fahimta anan tunda yana kunshe ne a cikin asalin da ya fito kuma makamashi na karshe shine wanda ake amfani dashi a wurin zuwa.
A cikin wannan labarin za mu gaya muku duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da tushen makamashi a cikin Spain da kuma abin da amfaninsu daban-daban yake.
Tushen makamashi a Spain
Har zuwa yanzu, mai shine babban tushen tushen makamashi na farko wanda ba za'a iya sabunta shi ba a Spain. Kuma shine ake amfani da mai don biyan 42% na duk buƙatun ƙasar. A cikin wadannan hanyoyin samar da makamashi masu sabuntawa mun sami iskar gas, makamashin nukiliya da kwal. Sauran makamashi ana samarda su ta hanyar sabunta kuzari. A cikin tarihin kwanan nan, zai yiwu a ga cewa, daga rikicin tattalin arziki da ya shafi Spain galibi tsakanin 2008 da 2014, an sami raguwar amfani da makamashi.
Kayayyakin Man Fetur
Za mu ga yadda manyan hanyoyin samar da makamashi a Spain suke cikin shiri da yadda suke aiki game da kayayyakin mai. Ta hanyar aikin tace mai, ana samun wadannan kayayyakin: man gas (LPG), naphtha, gasoline, ethylene, propylene, kerosene, dizal, man fetur, farar, coke da man shafawa.
LPG (butane da propane) shine farkon kayan da aka samo daga man ta hanyar narkewa. Ana amfani dasu azaman man girki, ruwan zafi da dumama. Naphtha shine babban ɓangaren samfuran da yawa kamar mai da mayuka, kuma shima kayan ɗanyen ne na ethylene da propylene. Ana amfani da fetur a matsayin makamashin motoci.
Ethylene da propylene sune hydrocarbons wadanda ake amfani dasu wajen samar da robobi, resins, solvents, ketones da kuma Kalam. Kerosene wani matsakaici ne wanda ake amfani dashi azaman mai na jirgin sama kuma, bayan ci gaba da aiki, ana amfani dashi azaman sauran ƙarfi ko mai ɗumi. Diesel an tsarkake shi ta hanyoyi da yawa kuma ana amfani dashi a ciki motoci, injunan aikin gona da na kamun kifi, jiragen ruwa da motocin da aka ba da izini kuma a tukunyar dumama wuta, da sauransu. A gefe guda kuma, muna da man fetur, wanda ke da nauyi sosai kuma babban amfanin sa shine man fetur na masana'antu.
A ƙarshe, a cikin kayayyakin man fetur da aka yi amfani da su a cikin tushen makamashi daban-daban a Spain muna da kwalta. Labari ne game da kayan gini da aka yi amfani da su don hanyoyi, waƙoƙi da da'irori. Hakanan ana amfani dasu azaman kayan hana ruwa don rufi da bene.
Hanyoyin makamashi marasa sabuntawa a Spain
Muna ci gaba da lissafa hanyoyin samar da makamashi marasa sabuntawa a Spain wadanda asalinsu shine albarkatun mai. Spain tana da kayan aikin rarraba kayan mai wanda ya sanya ta alama ta duniya. Compañía Logística de Hidrocarburos (CLH) ya haɗu da matatun mai guda takwas a tsibirin wanda ke samar da dangin mai na ruwa zuwa cibiyar sadarwar sa ta hanyar kilomita 4.020 na bututun mai, Wuraren ajiya 40 da kuma filayen jirgin sama 28. Bututun mai biyu mallakar kamfanin Repsol shima yana haɗa matatun Cartagena da Puertollano.
Cibiyar sadarwar Enagás tana ba da damar amfani da iskar gas gaba ɗaya. Yana da shuke-shuke na yin rajistar LNG guda bakwai, rumbunan adana kaya huɗu, tashoshin matsewa 19, cibiyar sadarwar bututun iskar gas mai tsawon kilomita 11.000 da haɗin duniya guda shida waɗanda ke ba da damar shigowa da fitar da wannan albarkatun. Hakanan akwai alaƙa daga sashin teku da tsibirin Balearic.
Canje-canjen baya-bayan nan da aka yi game da amfani sun nuna matsalar tattalin arziki da ta shafi ƙasarmu daga 2008 zuwa 2014. A cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata, yawan mai ya ragu daga tan 6,3 zuwa tan miliyan 4,6 kuma yawan man dizal ya ragu daga tan 35,4 zuwa tan 28, tan miliyan 4. A cikin 2015, yayin da amfani ya ƙaru, yanayin ya canza.
A cikin dukkan albarkatun mai, kerosene shine wanda ya rage mafi ƙarancin amfani dashi, tunda a cikin recentan shekarun nan Spain ta sami wani lokaci na haɓaka yawon buɗe ido na ƙasashen waje kuma babbar hanyar jigilar ta ita ce safarar iska.
Matsalar wadatar kayayyaki a bangaren gine-gine da ayyukan jama'a na da tasiri kan samar da kwalta. Ruwan mai (butane da propane) yana ci gaba da cinyewa ta gidaje ko don dumama a wuraren da iskar gas ba ta isa.
Electricarfin wutar lantarki na Sifen
Bangaren samar da wutar lantarki a Spain an bayyana shi azaman aiwatar da tsire-tsire a cikin yankinta da kuma fadada hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki saboda gabatarwar iskar gas da makamashi masu sabuntawa a matsayin manyan albarkatu tun farkon wannan karnin.
Tsarin shuka yana samarda ruwa a cikin manyan kogunan kasar Spain. Batun samar da ruwa shima wani yanki ne na gina cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki mai amfani da zafi da kuma tashoshin nukiliya. Tushen tsire-tsire na farko yana cikin kwandunan kwal na yankin arewa maso yamma da lardin Teruel, daga baya aka girka su a bakin teku. Man fetur ya taka rawar gani kuma ya ɓace daga yankin, amma shine tushen samar da fifiko ga Ceuta, Melilla da Tsibirin Balearic.
Samun babbar hanyar sadarwar bututun gas tana ba da damar gina hadaddun tsirrai masu zagaye a cikin kwarin Ebro .. An girka cibiyoyin samar da makamashin nukiliya a yankunan da ke kusa da manyan cibiyoyin amfani da su. Ta wannan hanyar, jigilar makamashi ba ta da yawa.
Tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na shekara-shekara daga makamashi masu sabuntawa yakan zama mai canzawa ne saboda ruwa da iska sun shafeshi. Wannan shi ne batun a cikin 2015: makamashin iska (51,4%), na hydraulic (29,7%), photovoltaic solar solar (8,4%), thermal solar energy (5,5%) da sauran hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa (5%). Red Eléctrica de España tana rarraba samar da manyan cibiyoyin wutar lantarki a Spain zuwa yankuna masu amfani ta hanyar layin saman sama wanda ya lulluɓi Spain gaba ɗaya da tsawon kilomita 43.660.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya ƙarin koyo game da tushen makamashi a Spain da halayen su.