A duniya akwai dubunnan nau'ikan kwayoyin cuta daban-daban duka mahimmancin su ga duniyar kimiyya da dan adam. Kowane ɗayansu yana da halaye daban kuma an rarraba su zuwa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. Wasu daga cikinsu ana amfani dasu don al'amuran kiwon lafiya, haɓaka tsarin masana'antu ko don amfani dasu azaman alamomin ingancin mahalli.
A cikin wannan labarin zamu fada muku game da dukkan nau'ikan kwayoyin cuta da ke kasancewa da halayen su.
Babban fasali
Abu na farko shine sanin menene kwayar cuta. Nau'in microbe ne wanda ake samu a ko'ina kuma yana ɗaukar nau'ikan nau'ikan daban-daban. Duk waɗannan siffofin suna amfani da su don daidaitawa zuwa wurare daban-daban. Baya ga sanya kwayoyin masu rai, wasu galibi sun dogara da su. Misali, tsarin narkewar mutum ya dogara da aikin kwayoyin cuta. Wannan shine daya daga cikin dalilan da yasa koyaushe ake neman sharuda daban-daban don samun damar rarrabe kwayoyin cuta da bayar da kayan aiki don rabewa da gano su.
Orananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ake kira ƙwayoyin cuta ana samun su ko'ina. Tunda akwai yalwar nau'ikan jinsuna da nau'ikan halittu, ya ba da damar duk waɗannan sifofin rayuwa su mallaki kusan ko'ina a duniya. Kwayoyin cuta sun kasance kuma suna ci gaba da kasancewa abubuwa masu mahimmanci ga rayuwa kamar yadda muka sani. Misali na mahimmin aiki don ci gaban rayuwa ya kasance bazuwar kwayoyin halitta. Kwayoyin cuta ne ke da alhakin lalata kwayoyin.
Yankin kwayoyin cuta ya kunshi babban rukunin rayayyun halittu. Wadannan rayayyun halittu sune, gaba daya, unicellular da prokaryotic. Wannan yana nufin cewa sun kunshi kwaya daya ne. Hakikanin kasancewa prokaryotic yana nufin cewa kwayar halitta bata da gabobin gabbai a ciki kuma ana samun kwayar halittarta da yardar kaina a ciki. Duk waɗannan halayen sun banbanta su da ƙwayoyin halittar dabbobi, tunda sune ƙwayoyin eukaryotic.
Tsarin nau'ikan kwayoyin cuta
Kodayake akwai nau'ikan kwayoyin cuta daban-daban a duk duniya, amma akwai tsari na gama gari. Ya ƙunshi membrane ɗin tantanin halitta wanda ke da alhakin raba ciki da waje. Wannan membrane din yana da bangon kwayar halitta wanda ya kewaya dukkan membrane don samar da babbar kariya da kwanciyar hankali. Jimlar membrane da kuma bangon kwayar halitta sananne ne kamar ambulaf ɗin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta. Anan ne ake samun bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin da kuma sifar nau'ikan nau'ikan kwayoyin cuta wadanda suke wanzu a duniya.
Har ila yau, ya kamata a tuna cewa iya rarrabe tsakanin ƙwayoyin cuta ba ya rarrabewa cikin girma. Kallon sa ba kyakkyawan zaɓi bane. Kuma shine cewa akwai ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta kamar Su ne rotifers da tardigrades waɗanda suka ƙunshi ƙwayoyin cuta kuma har ma suna da tsarin juyayi.
Humanan Adam koyaushe suna neman sharuɗɗa daban-daban don rarraba rayayyun halittu da ƙwayoyin cuta bisa ga halayensu. Ta wannan hanyar, zaku iya samun cikakkiyar fahimta game da dukkanin ƙwayoyin halittar da suke rayuwa. Samun wadannan ka'idoji domin gano kwayoyin cuta kayan aiki ne mai matukar amfani ga karatun su, kamar a bangaren magani. Sanin ma'aunin gano kwayar cuta yana da mahimmanci don sanin dalilin kamuwa da wata cuta ta ɗan adam. Saboda wannan, a tsawon tarihin ilimin halittu, yawancin sharuɗɗa don cimma kyakkyawan tsari na dukkanin ƙwayoyin prokaryotic.
Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don rarraba dukkan nau'ikan kwayoyin cuta a wajen. Misalin wannan shine dangane da tushen abincin su, gwargwadon numfashin su, kasancewar ko rashin rashi aikin enzymatic, motsi, da dai sauransu. Kowannensu ya haɗu da sharuɗɗa daban-daban don samun cikakken tsari.
Nau'in kwayoyin cuta
Daya daga cikin ka'idoji na yau da kullun wadanda ake amfani dasu don banbanta tsakanin dukkan nau'ikan kwayoyin cuta wadanda suke wanzu shine yi shi a cikin sifofin halayyar sa. Sigar kwayar cuta ta dogara ne kawai akan tsarin da ake gani a ƙarƙashin madubin hangen nesa. Koyaya, wannan ilimin halittar jiki ya taimaka wajen rarrabe ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin tarihi. Yawancin kwayoyin cuta ana sanya musu suna ne ta hanyar sifar da suke ɗauka. Saboda haka, zamuyi bayani akan menene nau'ikan kwayoyin cuta gwargwadon asalin su:
Coco
Wannan nau'in kwayar cutar galibi ana alakanta ta da kasancewa cikin ambulan na ɗakunan zobe. Siffar ta tuna da kwakwa. Lokacin da aka lura da su a ƙarƙashin madubin likita ana iya ganinsu kamar ƙwayoyin madauwari. Kofofin wannan, suna da sauƙin ganewa kuma yana da sauƙin rarrabe su duka ta hanyar mutum ɗaya da muhallin su. Hakanan akwai wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan cikin jigilar kuma ya dogara da yadda ake hada kwayoyin halitta. Yi ƙoƙarin yin nazarin hanyar da suke yin tsari kusa da juna.
Mun ga cewa an san kwayoyin halittar da ke tattare da su da kwakwa. Idan mun samu kwayoyin zagaye biyu hade hade sannan suna difulocci. Idan akwai wasu hadaddun kungiyoyin kwadago wadanda suka samo asali daga sarkar zamu ga cewa suna streptococci. A ƙarshe, idan muka ga siffofi marasa tsari waɗanda suke kama da tarin inabi, zamu ga cewa an san shi da sunan staphylococci.
Bacilli
Bacilli sanannen nau'in kwayan cuta ne wanda An tsara shi kamar sandunan elongated. Kamar yadda yake tare da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta na baya, suma suna da ƙananan subtypes da yawa. Wadannan nau'ikan nasu sun samo asali ne daga yadda ake hada kwayoyin halitta. Idan kwaya ce tilo, ana sanshi da sunan bacillus. Akasin haka, idan muna da ƙwayoyin halitta guda biyu hade yake diplomasillus ne. A cikin kungiyoyin kwadagon da yawa na sel za'a iya banbanta su gwargwadon yadda zasu hadu a tip din da suke yin sarka ko kuma a bangarorin suna yin bango. A farkon an kira shi streptobacilli kuma a na biyu palisade.
Coccobacillus shine wanda yake da ɗan madaidaiciyar siffar zobe amma bawai don ya zama kwakwa ko bacillus ba.
Nau'o'in ƙwayoyin cuta: na asali
Wannan shine nau'in kwayar cuta ta karshe kuma itace wacce take gabatar da curvatures a cikin tsarinta. Za a iya fahimtarsu kamar yadda suka kasance bacilli waɗanda suka murɗe a kansu kuma suka ƙirƙira siffar helix. Ana iya gane su cikin sauƙi kuma ana amfani dasu a ƙarƙashin microscope saboda bayyanar su. An rarraba su cikin karkace da sassauƙan karkace. Na farko an san su da sunan spirilos da na biyun da sunan spirochetes.. Babban bambanci shine cewa karkace yana motsawa kuma suna ƙirƙirar ambulaf ɗin tantanin halitta wanda ke canzawa akan lokaci.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya koyo game da nau'ikan kwayoyin cuta da halayensu.