Lokacin da daban-daban nau'ikan halittu kuma manyan halayensa suna nuni ne ga kalmar muhalli alkuki. Abun ra'ayi ne wanda ake amfani dashi a fannin ilimin yanayin ƙasa kuma hakan yana aiki ne don bayyana wata dabarar da dabbobi suke amfani da ita don rayuwa a cikin yanayin halittu.
A cikin wannan labarin zamu gaya muku duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli da mahimmancinsa ga ci gaban dabbobi da tsirrai.
Menene mahimmin yanayin muhalli
Lokacin da ba mu koma ga mahalli na asali ba, akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa waɗanda ke da nuances daban-daban waɗanda ke da wahalar bambancewa ga jama'ar da ke nazarin mahalli. Koyaya, tabbas idan ya kasance game da bayanin waɗannan ra'ayoyin, tana iya sani amma ba tare da wannan takamammen sunan ba. Kullum mazaunin jinsin shine yankin da ake samun halaye na zahiri, sunadarai da muhalli inda wasu nau'in dabbobi da tsirrai ke rayuwa. Wannan mazaunin shine wurin da zasu bunkasa rayuwarsu da aiwatar da ayyukansu na zahiri.
Idan mukayi magana akan alkiblar muhalli, bawai muna nufin dabarun rayuwa bane wanda wasu jinsunan suke amfani dasu a cikin wurin zama don ciyarwa, gasa tare da wasu nau'in don abinci da yanki, guji afkawa, ɓoye, haifuwa, da dai sauransu Watau, zamu iya cewa alkalumman muhalli wata dabara ce da masu rai suke amfani da ita domin samun damar rayuwa karkashin wasu halaye na muhalli kuma a gaban wasu jinsunan halittu.
Nau'o'in muhalli
Mafi yawan dabbobi suna amfani da yankin don samun damar haɓaka wasu halaye da zasu taimaka musu su sami ci gaba sosai. Abun muhalli shine mafi kyawun dabarun iya neman abinci da kariyar da ake buƙata don samun damar haɓakawa da haɓaka. Kowane nau'in yana da nasa yanayin muhalli kuma akwai nau'ikan daban daban. An taƙaita su a cikin manyan nau'ikan nau'ikan muhalli guda biyu:
- Mahimmanci ko yuwuwar: a wannan yanayin, yanayin yanayin muhalli kawai yayi la'akari da waɗancan yanayin na zahiri da na muhalli wanda dole ne ya rarraba jinsunan. Watau, muna magana ne game da yankin da jinsunan halittu suke rayuwa da kuma yanayin da zasu daidaita don rayuwa. Yanayin muhalli kamar zafin jiki, ruwan sama, yawan hasken rana, yanayin ƙasa, wuraren ɓoyewa, kasancewar masu farauta da dabbobi, da dai sauransu.
- Cash ko real: wannan nau'in yanayin yanayin muhalli shine wanda ke yin la’akari da yanayin da jinsi daya zai kasance a gaban wasu. Anan ne duk alaƙar da ke tsakanin mai farauta da ganima ana bincika ta zurfin zurfi.
Hulɗa tsakanin mahalli da mahalli
A farkon labarin munyi bayanin ma'anar mazauni tunda yana da kyakkyawar alaƙa da mahallin mahalli na wani jinsi. Mun san cewa mazaunin muhalli ne na zahiri wanda ke dauke da nau'ikan muhallin halittu da ke zaune a ciki. Abin da ya sa kenan za mu iya cewa mazaunin muhalli da mahalli suna da alaƙa da yanayin halittar wani jinsi.
Muna bayyana tsarin halittu na yau da kullun wanda aka tsara ta ƙungiyar halittu masu rai. Shin ofungiyar halittu masu rai dangane da yanayin rayuwarsu ana kiranta biocenosis. Dukkanin dangantakar kwayoyin halitta da muhallinsu ana kiranta biotope. A cikin kowane mazauni, nau'ikan daban-daban na iya zama tare da mahimman abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli. Wannan saboda yanayin yanayin muhalli shine rawar da mutane daban-daban na jinsin ke takawa a cikin kowane tsarin yanayin ƙasa.
Don ba da misalai za mu iya faɗin ayyukan da wasu rayayyun halittu ke da su a cikin tsarin halittu. Misali, akwai dabbobin da yanayin yanayin su yake pollination, wasu masu shara ne, wasu masu lalata, masu farauta, ganima, da dai sauransu Kowane jinsi yana da aikinsa a cikin tsarin halittu kuma tare suke cimma abin da aka sani da daidaiton muhalli. Wannan daidaiton yanayin muhalli shine ke baiwa rayuwa damar ci gaba kamar yadda muka santa. Hakanan shine wanda ke ba da izinin wanzuwar sarkar trophic da haɓaka nau'ikan dabbobi da tsire-tsire.
In ba don wadancan nau'ikan dabbobin ba, dabbobin da ke cin abincin za su iya bunkasa cikin adadi mai yawa ba tare da iyakancewa ba. Wannan shine yadda masu farauta ke sarrafa yawan dabbobi kuma, bi da bi, yawan tsire-tsire waɗanda waɗannan ganimomin ke cinyewa. Saboda haka asalin sarƙar trophic. tsirrai sune mahaɗin farko a cikin sarkar abinci kamar yadda suke buƙatar ruwa da makamashin hasken rana don bunƙasa kawai. Ciyawar herbivores sune wadanda ke cin wadannan tsirrai kuma masu cin nama wadanda suke cin wadannan ciyawar. Ba tare da masu cin naman dabbobi masu cin nama ba, ciyawar ciyawar za ta kashe duk tsire-tsire da ke akwai kuma ya karya daidaiton sarkar abinci.
Ta wannan hanyar taimakon dabbobi kawai ke kula da yawan ciyawar dabbobi kuma waɗannan, bi da bi, sune waɗanda ke kula da yawan dabbobi masu cin nama. Koyaya, wani abu da zai iya faruwa a cikin tsarin yanayin ƙasa ɗaya shine cewa akwai jinsunan da ke da kwatankwacin mahalli. Wannan yana haifar da abin da aka sani da gasa mai mahimmanci.
Misalai
Zamu kawo wasu misalai na wuraren zama da kuma yanayin halittar wasu jinsuna.
- Mazaunin rakumin daji filayen ciyawa ne, dazuzzuka da filayen fili. Abun yanayin muhalli shi ne ciyar da ganyen da ke wanzu a saman bene kuma ya kasance tare da wasu nau'in. Raƙuman raƙumi kawai suna faɗa idan abinci ya yi ƙaranci.
- Kangaroos suna da mazauninsu a cikin filaye da filayen fili. Abubuwan da ke tattare da yanayin halittu suna da shuke-shuke kuma suna cin ciyawa da asalinsu.
- Korenaconda yana da mazaunin sa a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi kuma alkalumman muhallin shi mai wuce gona da iri ne. Yana da ikon ciyarwa akan wasu dabbobi ko shuke-shuke. Galibi suna zama a ƙasa a wuraren da ambaliyar ta faru, sabili da haka, suna da gasa kai tsaye da kadoji da kifi. Gasar ita ce dukansu suna da mazauni iri ɗaya kuma iri ɗaya.
- Tsuntsayen ƙasa suna da matsuguni na sassauta ƙasa tare da yumbu da yashi mai yashi. Abun haɓaka na muhalli yana kasancewa mai lalatawa da kuma samar da ingantacciyar ƙasa. Tsuntsaye, masu shayarwa da dabbobi masu rarrafe suna aiki a matsayin abinci, don haka suma suna cikin jerin kayan abinci.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya ƙarin koyo game da abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli.