A taron kolin yanayi na Bonn, an samu wata yarjejeniya wacce ba a san ta da ta sauran ba, amma tana da mahimmancin gaske. An tsara wannan yarjejeniyar daga cikin ƙasashe 19 waɗanda suka haɗu da Tsarin Biofuture. Waɗannan ƙasashe 19 sun ƙunshi rabin yawan mutanen duniya kuma suna da alhakin kashi 37% na tattalin arzikin duniya. Sun jajirce wajen ganin sun kara yawan samar da makamashi mai dorewa wanda ke kasancewa musamman a harkar sufuri.
Makasudin wannan yarjejeniya shine a kara yawan makamashin makamashi a cikin sufuri daga 4,5% a 2015 zuwa 17% a 2060. Me yakamata waɗannan ƙasashe suyi don cimma wannan?
Bioara ƙarfin makamashi
A duk duniya, ya zama dole a ƙara adadin makamashi mai sabuntawa don rage hayakin da ke gurɓata kuma saboda haka kar ya kai matakin digiri biyu a matsakaicin yanayin zafi a doron ƙasa. Wannan shine abin da ake ƙoƙari a cikin sauyawar makamashi, yana jagorantar duniyar makamashi zuwa ga waɗanda ba sa ƙazantar da su.
Rahoton Hukumar Makamashi ta Duniya (IEA) ya aminta da cewa samar da makamashi zai iya taimakawa wajen cimma burin rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli, hakan yasa matsakaita yanayin duniya bai tashi sama da digiri biyu ba inda, a cewar kungiyar masana kimiyya, sauye-sauye a tsarin halittu da kwanciyar hankali na duniya ba zai yiwu ba. kuma mara tabbas.
An yi ƙoƙari don cimma wannan iyakan na ƙaruwar yanayin zafi ta hanyar tattaunawar Yarjejeniyar Paris. Sabili da haka, ƙaruwar ƙarfin kuzari a waɗancan ɓangarorin na tattalin arziki da yawan jama'a inda ake fitar da iskar gas da yawa waɗanda ke riƙe zafi, zai rage gurɓataccen yanayi kuma, don haka, ba zai ƙara yawan zafin ba.
Ana sa ran makamashin lantarki zai iya samarwa Kusan kashi 17 cikin 2060 na dukkan buƙatun makamashi na ƙarshe a cikin XNUMX, kwatanta shi da 4,5% a 2015. Don zama mai gaskiya da kafa lissafi daidai, yakamata ayi la'akari da cewa buƙatar sufuri zata ninka sau goma na wannan shekarar kuma wannan jigilar na ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da hayakin duniya ke fitarwa. Don magance rage gurɓataccen gas daga safara, wadatar da ake samarwa yanzu don samar da makamashin mai zai zama sau biyar.
Yi rahoto game da ƙarshe da aikin da aka ɗauka
Rahoton ya cimma muhimman shawarwari da yawa: Kodayake akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan fasahar da ke da alaka da makamashi wadanda ake samunsu ta hanyar kasuwanci, yawan makamashin da ake amfani da shi don biyan bukatun wutar lantarki, zafi da sufuri. ya yi ƙasa da abin da za a buƙata a cikin yanayin duniya wanda aka yi ƙoƙari don kaucewa ƙaruwar matsakaicin yanayin zafi na digiri biyu.
Don sauƙaƙe matsalolin ƙarancin amfani da makamashi a sassa daban-daban na yawan jama'a, an yi ƙoƙari don yin tasiri na musamman kan abubuwan da ke tafe:
- Na farko, kuma watakila mafi mahimmanci, shine don hanzarta yanayin yadda ake samun ci gaba mai motsi da fasahar samar da makamashi a kasuwa. Wannan yana haifar da ci gaban fasaha da gwaji kafin gabatar dasu cikin tsarin tattalin arziki. Don cimma wannan, ana buƙatar ƙirar fasaha bisa ga haɗuwa da fasahohin da suka riga sun balaga a cikin wannan mahallin da sababbi masu zuwa waɗanda zasu iya maye gurbin da cika ayyukan kasuwa iri ɗaya. Misali, zamu iya samun albarkatun mai kamar su ethanol na cellulosic, hydrobiodiesel, da sauransu.
- Hadin kan kasa da kasa babban ginshiki ne don aiwatar da manufofin. An bayyana cewa "yakamata a fadada hadin gwiwar yanzu don shigar da ci gaban kasa da kasa, kungiyoyin kare muhalli da kudade don gano damammakin turawa yanki da na cikin gida da ke taimakawa haduwa Manufofin Cigaba Mai Dorewa".
- Dole ne a tsananta siyasa. A takaice dai, dole ne a ƙirƙiri sabbin shirye-shirye waɗanda ke ba kamfanoni damar saka hannun jari a cikin makamashi mai sabuntawa ba tare da asarar kuɗi mai yawa ba.
Kamar yadda kuke gani, makamashi masu sabuntawa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rage iskar gas da kuma yaƙi da canjin yanayi.