Kwayoyin dabba su ne tubalan ginin halittun dabbobi. Ita ce tantanin halitta eukaryotic, kamar kwayar shuka, ma'ana yana da tsakiya, membrane plasma, da cytoplasm. Mutane da yawa ba su san da kyau tsarin da tantanin dabbobi da aikinsa.
Saboda haka, a cikin wannan labarin za mu yi bayani game da mahimmancin kwayar halittar dabba, halaye da abubuwan da ke tattare da su.
Halayen tantanin halitta
- Kwayoyin eukaryotic ne, wato, abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halittarsu an lullube su a cikin tsarin membrane da ake kira tsakiya.
- Suna da siffofi masu canzawa da girma.
- Ba kamar ƙwayoyin shuka ba, ba su da bangon tantanin halitta.
- Gabobinsa ɓangarorin membrane ne a cikin sel waɗanda ke da takamaiman ayyuka.
- Suna da centrioles, centrosomes, da lysosomes, waɗanda ba su cikin ƙwayoyin shuka.
- Suna samun abincinsu daga waje.
tsarin kwayoyin halitta
Kwayoyin dabba suna da asali sun ƙunshi membrane na plasma, tsakiya da cytoplasm. Na gaba, za mu yi bayanin kowanne dalla-dalla.
Plasma membrane
Membran plasma shine murfin waje na tantanin halitta, ta inda yake kafa hulɗa da yanayin waje. Ya ƙunshi zanen lipid biyu ko masu bilayers na lipid da furotin membrane. Mafi yawan lipids sune phospholipids da cholesterol.
Sunadaran suna ba da damar mahadi daga wajen tantanin halitta su shiga cikin tantanin halitta kuma akasin haka. Akwai kuma sunadaran membrane da ake kira masu karɓa. Suna gane mahadi a wajen tantanin halitta kuma suna kunna sigina na ciki wanda ke haifar da takamaiman martani.
Ayyukan membrane plasma sun haɗa da:
- Dokokin jigilar kayayyaki: ruwa da ions (irin su sodium, chloride, da potassium), kwayoyin halitta (irin su hormones), da gas (kamar oxygen da carbon dioxide), da
- gane kasashen waje abubuwa ta hanyar masu karɓa don aika sigina cikin tantanin halitta.
tsakiya da kuma nucleolus
Nucleus wani bangare ne na tantanin halitta wanda ke adana bayanan kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar deoxyribonucleic acid ko DNA. An raba shi da membrane na nukiliya, wanda shine membrane mai launi biyu tare da budewa, ko ramukan nukiliya, ta hanyar da mahadi ke shiga kuma su fita. Ruwan ciki wanda mahaɗan nukiliya ke shawagi shine nucleoplasm.
Nucleus shine cibiyar kulawa da haifuwa ta tantanin halitta. DNA yana ɗaure da sunadaran kuma yana samar da chromatin. Bayani game da aikin tantanin halitta ya fito ne daga DNA.
A cikin tsakiya akwai yanki inda chromatin da ribonucleic acid (RNA) suka tattara. Wannan yanki, wanda ake kira nucleolus, shine cibiyar samar da ribosome.
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm shine matsakaici kamar hydrogel inda yawancin ayyukan salula ke faruwa.. Ya ƙunshi ruwa, gishiri, ions da sunadarai, kuma yana wakiltar kusan kashi 70% na ƙarar tantanin halitta.
Har ila yau, a cikin cytoplasm akwai filaments da ke samar da cytoskeleton, tsarin da ke ba da tantanin halitta siffarsa.
kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta
Kwayoyin dabba suna baje kolin gabobin jiki da sifofi daban-daban don cimma ayyuka daban-daban.
Ribosome
Ribosome yana daya daga cikin gabobin da ba membrane ba. Ya ƙunshi furotin da RNA kuma an kafa shi a cikin nucleolus a cikin tsakiya na tantanin halitta. Yana da sassa biyu ko sassa: babban yanki ko 60S da ƙarami ko 40S.
Ribosomes sune manyan masana'antar samar da furotin kuma tsakanin ƙananan RNAs na manzo, RNAs masu canja wuri da amino acid an haɗa su don samar da sarƙoƙi na polypeptide.
Ticarshen endoplasmic
Endoplasmic reticulum shine tsarin membrane wanda ya kunshi jakunkuna da vesicles kusa da tsakiya. Wurin ciki ko tsakiya ana kiransa lumen. M endoplasmic reticulum yana samun sunansa daga gaban ribosomes a samansa na waje. Babban aikinsa shine hadawa da kuma tattara furotin.
Membrane lipid kira yana faruwa a cikin santsi na endoplasmic reticulum. A cikin ƙwayoyin tsoka akwai santsi na endoplasmic reticulum, wanda ake kira sarcoplasmic reticulum, inda aka adana calcium, wanda ya zama dole don ƙwayar tsoka.
Kayan aikin Golgi
Abubuwan da aka samar a cikin endoplasmic reticulum ana jerawa da kuma tattara su a cikin na'urar Golgi. Vesicles daga endoplasmic reticulum fuse a cikin jirgin cis na na'urar Golgi kuma suna ajiye kayan da aka yi jigilar su a can.
Sunadaran da lipids an canza su ko "gyara" a cikin lumen na kayan aikin Golgi, ta haka ne ake gane su, a rarraba su, a kai su inda suke. Suna fita ta hanyar juzu'i na na'urar Golgi da ke lullube cikin vesicles na sirri.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria sune kwayoyin halitta da ke da alhakin samar da makamashi a cikin kwayoyin dabba daga glucose da sauran kwayoyin halitta. Ƙarfin sinadaran sel yana cikin nau'in adenosine triphosphate ko ATP.
Mitochondria ya ƙunshi membranes guda biyu: membrane na ciki da membrane na waje. Membran ciki yana ninkewa zuwa ciki don samar da cristae mitochondrial. Mitochondria suna da DNA nasu da ribosomes don haɗa takamaiman sunadaran. Suna iya samo asali daga ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ƙwayoyin eukaryotic ke haifar da phagocytosed.
centrosome
Centrosome shine yanki na ƙwayoyin dabba wanda ke samar da microtubules. Yana cikin cytoplasm kusa da tsakiya. Centrioles, waɗanda ake samu kawai a cikin sel dabbobi, an kafa su anan.
Centriole yana da siffar silinda kuma ya ƙunshi nau'in microtubule uku guda tara, wato, ƙungiyoyi tara na microtubules uku.
Lysosome
Lysosomes su ne vesicles ko jakar membrane da aka samar a cikin na'urar Golgi.. Suna daya daga cikin halayen kwayoyin halittar dabbobi tun da ba su cikin kwayoyin halitta. Suna ƙunshe da mahadi masu ƙasƙanta ko narke abubuwa daban-daban.
Lysosomes su ne enzymes waɗanda ke aiki a cikin yanayin acidic kuma suna rushe sunadaran, acid nucleic, polysaccharides, da lipids waɗanda sel ba sa buƙata. Ana iya cewa Lysosomes su ne masu sarrafa “sharar gida” a cikin sel.
Lokacin da lysosomes ke aiki, Kwayoyin na iya sake sarrafa amino acid, nucleotides, da sauran abubuwa don gina sabbin kayan tantanin halitta. Lysosomes kuma suna da hannu wajen lalata maharan, musamman ma kwayoyin garkuwar jiki, wadanda ke da alhakin kare jiki.
peroxisome
Peroxisomes su ne vesicles guda ɗaya, wato, suna da Layer lipid guda ɗaya. Sunanta saboda samar da abin da muka fi sani da hydrogen peroxide ko hydrogen peroxide.
Wadannan gabobin suna da mahimmanci wajen kawar da gubobi na cikin salula da kuma fatty acids. Hepatocytes suna da wadata musamman a cikin peroxisomes.
flagella da cilia
flagella ƙananan sifofi ne masu kama da bulala waɗanda ke kwance a waje da membrane na plasma. Suna ba da izinin motsi na wasu sel, kamar maniyyi da wasu protozoa. Cilia sun fi guntu, sifofi masu kama da gashi waɗanda kuma ake amfani da su don motsa sel ko fitar da abubuwa daga cikin sel, kamar a cikin hanyoyin iska.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin za ku iya ƙarin koyo game da tantanin halitta na dabba da halayensa.