labarin kuma juyin halittar keke Ya kasance mai tsanani tsawon shekaru. Ya bi ta sauye-sauye da gyare-gyare da yawa don zama abin da muka sani a yau. Ko da yake yana iya zama kamar ƙirƙira mai sauƙi, ba haka ba. Bayan nau'ikan keken da yawa, muna haɓaka sassa masu inganci har sai mun sami keken yanzu.
A cikin wannan labarin za mu gaya muku duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da juyin halittar keke, menene nau'ikan nau'ikan da suka wanzu da kuma yadda ya canza a cikin shekaru.
Asalin keken
Tun daga tarihi har zuwa yau, akwai shaidun da ke nuna cewa mutum ya yi amfani da manufar ƙafafu guda biyu da aka haɗa da kuma sanda tsawon ƙarni a matsayin wani nau'i na motsi a cikin zuciyarsa. Mai yiyuwa ne a lokacin tsohuwar Masar ana tunanin wata na'ura mai kama da keke. A gaskiya ma, wani hieroglyph a kan Luxor Obelisk a yanzu a dandalin Paris an sadaukar da shi ga Ramses II kuma ya nuna wani mutum yana hawan ƙafa biyu a kusan 1300 BC a kan shingen kwance.
Wani Gabas ta Tsakiya, Babila, sun shigar da na'ura mai kama da keke a cikin ɗayan kayan adonsu na bas-relief. Romawa kuma da alama sun yi tunanin wannan, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin frescoes da aka samu a kango na Pompeii. Kuna iya ganin wasu hotuna masu kama da Luxor Obelisk.
A cikin wannan babban coci na renaissance a Buckinghamshire, Ingila, akwai zanen wani ɗan ƙaramin mala'ika wanda ya bayyana yana hawan wani bakon keke; ya kasance daga 1580.
Haka nan a cikin wani zanen da Leonardo da Vinci ya yi kimanin shekaru ɗari huɗu da suka wuce, abin mamaki ne ganin wani kayan tarihi mai kama da keke.
Ko da yake al’amarin da aka kwatanta na iya zama na bazata, idan aka yi la’akari da cewa ’yan Adam sun yi shekaru 5.000 suna amfani da ƙafafu, amma gaskiyar ita ce, har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na XNUMX, babu wanda ya yi tunanin daidaita ƙafafun biyu ya zauna a kan sanda ya haɗa su. Mu kalli asalin keken.
A shekara ta 1645, wani Bafaranshe mai suna Jean Théson ya ɗauki hoton Hulk, wanda ya kira "celeriferous," yana tafiya a tsaye a kan titunan Fontainebleau. Ana iya cewa ya riga ya zama babur, ko da yake da wuya ya yi kama da abin da muka fahimta a yau. Tafiyar nata gajeru ce domin har yanzu ba a samar da tsarin shugabanci da zai jagorance ta ba. A shekara ta 1790. Count de Sivrac ya hau kan tituna na Paris daga wani tudu. ga dariyar 'yan kallo da abin kunya na masu fada aji.
Daga bisani, M. Blanchard na Faransa da M. Masurier sun gina mota wanda bayaninsa ya bayyana a cikin Paris Review a 1799 a ƙarƙashin sunan vélocipèdes ko ƙafafu masu haske. Sarki Louis XVI da Marie Antoinette na lokacin sun ji daɗin ra'ayin har suka ɗauki nauyin ƙirƙirar kuma suna ƙarfafa masu tallata ta.
Blanchard da Masuriel, masanan injiniyoyi da masana kimiyya bi da bi, sun yi amfani da tunani daga ƙarni da suka gabata na Jacques Ozanam, ƙwararren masanin lissafi wanda likitocinsa suka ba da shawarar gina keken keke mai uku wanda aka sani a zamaninsa a matsayin makaniki, wanda keken baya ke tuka shi da wani sashi wanda zai iya zama kamar injin niƙa. iska. Ko ta yaya, watakila wadancan mahaukatan tukwane na karni na XNUMX ba su cancanci a kira su keke ba saboda a da suna da sama da tafukan biyu.
wanda ya kirkiro keken
Idan kun yi mamakin yaushe kuma wa ya ƙirƙira keke? Ka sani, kekunan farko sun bayyana a karni na XNUMX. A shekara ta 1818, Baron Carl von Drais von Sauerbronn ya ƙirƙira wani injin tuƙi kuma ya ba da izini a ƙarƙashin sunan vélocipède. Mutanen sun shahara da sunan draisiana.
Saboda sha'awar, cikakken sunan baron shine Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Friedrich von Drais von Sauerbronn. Shi ke nan, yayin da Draisian yana da tuƙi mai jujjuyawa, ba ainihin abin hannu ba ne. Karɓar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan Carl von Drais, wanda aka yi wahayi daga ƙididdige ƙirƙirar Sivrac, ƙafafu ne ya motsa shi, kuma tun da yake ba a ƙirƙiri jerin watsawa ba, bayyanarsa a kan titunan Paris a tsakiyar karni na sha tara ya haifar da sha'awa da wani takamaiman. yawan hankali da abin kunya.
Ba kowa ne ke kuskura ya hau babur irin wannan ba, amma wani ma’aikaci dan kasar Faransa mai suna J. Lallement ya yi karfin hali ya hau wannan keken a kan titunan birnin Paris domin wanda ya fara tuka keken a tarihi ya kama wadanda ba su sauka daga sabuwar motarsa ba. Ya yi shakkar jifanta da duwatsu. Bugu da kari, daga baya ‘yan sanda sun kama shi a wata badakala da ya yi a bainar jama’a.
Duk da haka, tsohuwar motar Von Drais tana sanye da na'urar tuƙi da ake kira laufmascine, ko kuma takalmi. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, Dennis Johnson yana Landan yana yin wasan Playboys na birni. Babban mai amfani da shi shine Regent, wanda ke da sunan Playboy Horse ko Hobby Horse. Amma ba shakka ƙirƙira ba ta cika ba.
juyin halittar keke
Kamar yadda muka ambata a farko, keken bai daina gyaruwa ba ko bunƙasa tun da aka ƙirƙira shi, har ya kai ga yadda muka san shi a yau. Mun koyi game da su daki-daki:
A 1839, Scot Kirkpatrick Macmillan ya samar da keken farko mai tuƙi. A karon farko za a iya hawan keke ba tare da kafafun masu keken sun tura shi kai tsaye ba, amma ta hanyar feda; hannun jari sun kasance tun daga 1817.
Wannan keken na musamman ne domin yana da ƙafafu biyu na katako da bakin ƙarfe. Babban dabaran yana da diamita inci talatin da sauran inci arba'in. A cikin 1861, maƙerin Faransa Pierre Michaux yayi tunanin ƙara takalmi a gaban motar Draisian. An san shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin majagaba na kekuna, amma kuma, Philip Moritx ko Galloux suna da cancantar su.
Ƙirƙirar Michaux ita ce ake kira "Michaulina" kuma ta shiga cikin yawan jama'a, wanda ya sa ya shahara sosai a Faransa. Fedals ɗin suna kan ƙafar gaba, wanda aka yi da itace, kuma madaurin ƙarfe suna da alaƙa da ƙasa. Wannan keken cikakke ne. James Slater ne ya fara yin tuƙi a cikin 1864; shekaru shida bayan haka, James Staley ya ba da magana ta waya don ƙafafun. A cikin 1874, Staley ya ƙirƙira keken mata.
Juyin Keke na zamani
Kemp shine mahaifin masana'antar kekuna, a cikin 1885 ya kirkiro keken Rover, wanda yana da sauri, jin daɗi, mai sauƙin ɗauka, kuma yafi na Uncle James's. Ya riga ya zama babur ɗin zamani, mai ƙafafu biyu masu girmansu iri ɗaya, sarƙa da tuƙin gear, fedals, cranks, firam ɗin lu'u-lu'u da cokali mai yatsa kai tsaye.
Tare da ƙirƙira na motar pneumatic a 1888. keken zai zama reshe mai ƙarfi na masana'antar wasanni kuma ya samar da samfur mai aminci, kuma tashinsa ya kai ga ayyana keke a matsayin wasanni na Olympics a gasar Olympics ta zamani ta farko a 1896.
An yi bincike da yawa kan yadda ake ingantawa da haɓaka kekuna. Hanya mafi inganci da aka sani ita ce canza ƙoƙarin ɗan adam zuwa iko. Yawancin sauye-sauyen ba su da mahimmanci kuma yawanci suna amfana da takamaiman nau'in keke, kamar girgiza keken dutse ko sandunan tsere.
An yi ƙoƙari kaɗan don sake fasalin kekuna ta kowace hanya mai ma'ana. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan ƙoƙarin shine "Moulton Bicycle," wanda ba kawai yana da ƙananan ƙafa ba (rage ja), amma kuma ya sake fasalin yadda chassis ke aiki.
Keken nadawa na Harry Bickerton wani yunƙuri ne na ƙirƙiro babur ɗin da za a iya naɗewa cikin sauƙi kuma a ɗauke shi da sandunan hannu. Akwai kuma kekuna WO 97/29008, "kwale-kwalen da ke da karfin feda", da US 5342074, keken mutum biyu tare da firam.
Wani sabon ra'ayi mai yiwuwa ya samo asali ne tun 1901 tare da ikon mallakar Amurka 690733 na Harold Jarvis (keken keke), wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya sake fasalin duka ra'ayi ta hanyar sanya mahayin a kwance maimakon zama a tsaye. Waɗannan samfuran suna ƙara bayyana akan tituna.
Richard Forrestal, Wilmington, da David Gordon Wilson ne suka kirkiro keken na Fomac Inc a Wilmington, Massachusetts, Amurka. An gabatar da shi a ranar 26 ga Disamba kuma aka buga shi a matsayin WO 81/01821 da US 4283070. Dalilin da ya sa babu abin hannu shi ne. ikon mallaka yana iya daidaita wurin zama kusa ko gaba daga ƙafafu don ɗaukar mutane masu tsayi daban-daban.
Haɗin gwiwar yana ba da dalilai da yawa da yasa wannan ƙirar ta fi daidaitaccen keke. Yawanci ta'aziyyar mahayi, goyon bayan baya akan doguwar tafiya da aminci. Ƙarƙashin tsakiya na nauyi da matsayi na mahayi yana nufin mahayin zai iya yin birki cikin sauƙi a kowane nau'i na karo; da wuya a kore ku; za ku iya riƙe mafi kyau da ƙafafunku, wanda zai ɗauki nauyin karo, ba kai ko jikinku ba.
Har ila yau, tunda fedals ɗin sun fi tsayi kuma ba su da yuwuwar goge ƙasa, yana da sauƙin yin jujjuyawar juye-juye da (baƙon abu) sauƙi ga masu hawan keke don sadarwa tare da direbobin mota.
Babu mafi girman saurin da'awar. Watakila babban koma baya shine bayyanarsa mai ban sha'awa da kuma haɗarin tafiya juyewa. Akwai nau'ikan kekuna masu tasowa guda uku:
- Dogon Wheelbase Recumbent Bike
- Short Base Recumbent Bike
- Kekuna masu jujjuyawa tare da takalmi a gaban dabaran gaba maimakon a baya.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya ƙarin koyo game da asali da juyin halittar keke tsawon shekaru.