A fannin ilmin sunadarai muna da tasirin sinadaran da ke faruwa tsakanin kwayoyin halitta da atoms. Yau zamuyi magana akan hydrolysis. Hydrolysis wani nau'in aikin sinadarai ne wanda zai iya faruwa tsakanin kwayoyin da kwayoyin organic ko kwayoyin halitta. Babban halayen halayyar hydrolysis shine cewa ya kunshi shigar ruwa ne ta yadda za a raba igiyoyin.
A cikin wannan labarin zamu fada muku game da dukkan halaye da muhimmancin hydrolysis a fannin ilimin sunadarai.
Menene hydrolysis?
Muna magana ne game da wani nau'ikan aikin sunadarai wanda zai iya faruwa tsakanin dukkanin kwayoyin halitta da na kwayoyin halitta. Babban mahimmin yanayin shine dole ne ruwa ya shiga ta yadda zai iya katse igiyoyin wadannan kwayoyin. Kalmar hydrolysis ta fito ne daga Girkin hydro, wanda ke nufin ruwa kuma daga lysis, wanda ke nufin fashewa. Fassara a cikin sifa, ana iya sanin hydrolysis a matsayin lalacewar ruwa. A wannan halin, muna magana ne game da yanke igiyar wasu masu amsa fatawa ta hanyar ruwa.
Kwayar halittar ruwan ta kunshi kwayoyin hydrogen guda biyu da kuma guda daya na oxygen. Godiya ga wannan haɗin ƙwayoyin, an samar da daidaito tsakanin ions na salts na acid mai rauni da tushe. Acids da tushe sune ra'ayoyin da suka bayyana a cikin karatun kimiya da ilimin kimiya. Hydrolysis za a iya cewa yana ɗaya daga cikin sauƙin haɓakar sunadarai a can. Gabaɗaya lissafin aikin hydrolysis shine kamar haka:
AB + H2O = AH + B-OH
Akwai misalai da yawa na hydrolysis inda ruwa ko shi da kansa ba zai iya karya wani haɗin haɗin gwiwa ba. Mun tuna cewa haɗin haɗin gwiwa shine wanda a ciki kwayoyin da yawa wadanda basuda karfi da karfe suna haduwa don samar da wani sabon kwayoyin. Bashin da ya haɗu da su an san shi da haɗin haɗin gwiwa. Lokacin da ruwa kadai ba zai iya warware wannan haɗin ba, ana haɓaka aikin ko haɓaka ta hanyar haɓaka acid ko alkalization na matsakaici. Wato, a gaban ions, za a iya haɓaka hydrolysis. Kuma akwai enzymes wadanda zasu iya haifar da tasirin sinadarin hydrolysis.
Babban fasali
Bari mu ga menene halaye da kuma abin da hydrolysis ya ƙunsa. Wannan nau'in aikin yana da matsayi na musamman idan ya zo ga abubuwan da ke tattare da rayuwa. Kuma shine cewa abubuwanda suke haɗuwa da ɗumbin kwayoyin suna haɗuwa da hydrolyzing a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi. Wannan shine, haɗin haɗin haɗin da aka haɗu da kwayoyin za a iya karye su a gaban ruwa. Misalin wannan shine sugars. Sugars suna da ikon yin amfani da hydrolyzing don rarraba polysaccharides zuwa monosaccharides. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda aikin enzymes da aka sani da glucosidases.
Dole ne a tuna cewa ba kwayar kwayar halitta ce kawai ke warware igiyar ba. Ruwan da kansa shima ya fashe kuma ya raba ion. Ruwan karaya a cikin H + da OH–, inda H + ya ƙare da A, da OH - tare da B. AB don haka ya yi tasiri tare da kwayar ruwan, wanda ke samar da samfuran guda biyu, AH da B-OH.
Sabili da haka, zamu iya cewa hydrolysis wani tasirin sinadarai ne sabanin sandaro. Daga sandaro, samfura biyu sun haɗu ta hanyar sakin ƙaramin kwayar halitta. Wannan karamin kwayoyin shine ruwa. Akasin haka, a cikin hydrolysis ana cinye wani kwayar halitta, yayin da a cikin sandaro wannan kwayar ta lantarki ta cinye, aka sake ta ko aka samar da ita.
Don sauƙaƙa fahimta sosai, zamu sake bayyana misalin sugars. Bari mu ɗauka cewa AB mai rage ruwa ne. A wannan yanayin A yana wakiltar glucose kuma B yana wakiltar fructose. Wannan haɗin, wanda aka san shi da sunan glycosidic, ana iya yin amfani da shi ta hanyar ruwa don ba da damar rarrabewar monosaccharides biyu da mafita. Hakanan yana faruwa tare da oligosaccharides da polysaccharides idan enzymes sune waɗanda suke aiki a cikin halayen.
Mun sani cewa wannan tasirin sinadarin yana da hanya daya ne kawai. Wannan yana nufin cewa nau'ikan nau'ikan hydrolysis ne wanda ba zai yiwu ba. A gefe guda, akwai halayen hydrolysis waɗanda ke juyawa da zarar an daidaita daidaito.
Misalan halayen hydrolysis
Bari mu ga menene ainihin misalan hydrolysis waɗanda ke faruwa a zahiri. Da farko dai, duba tasirin hydrolysis na ATP. Mun san cewa wannan kwayar tana da daidaitattun ƙimar pH tsakanin 6.8 da 7.4. Koyaya, idan ƙimar pH ta haɓaka don zama mafi yawan alkaline, zai iya yin hydrolyze ba tare da bata lokaci ba. A cikin halittu masu rai, haɓakar hydrolysis tana haɓaka ta enzymes da aka sani da sunan ATPases. Nau'in nau'in sinadaran motsa jiki ne. Wannan yana nufin cewa kwayar cutar ADP ta fi ta ATP girma, don haka bambancin makamashi na faruwa ne ta hanyar kwayar cutar ta ATP. Wannan nau'in hydrolysis yana aiki da halayen halayen endergonic da yawa.
Hanyoyin da aka haɗu sune wani nau'in amsawa inda hydrolysis ke faruwa. A wasu lokuta ana amfani dashi don jujjuyawar mahadi A zuwa mahaɗan B. Babban sanannen misali na hydrolysis yakan auku ne cikin ruwa. Kamar dai ɗayan kwayoyin ruwa na iya ɓarkewa zuwa ion kuma hydrogen proton ya haɗu tare da ƙwayar oxygen na ɗayan kwayar. Wannan yana haifar da ion hydronium. Ana iya kiranta fiye da hydrolysis azaman maye gurbin kai ko haɓakar ruwa na ruwa.
A ƙarshe, wani ɓangaren inda wadannan halayen ana haifar dasu ta hanya daya a cikin sunadarai. Mun sani cewa sunadarai tsayayyun kwayoyin halitta ne kuma don samun cikakken hydrolysis, ana buƙatar yanayi mai tsauri. Mun tuna cewa sunadarai sunadaran amino acid ne. Koyaya, halittu masu rai suna da tarin kayan enzymes wanda ke ba da izinin hydrolysis na sunadarai zuwa amino acid a cikin duodenum.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya koyo game da hydrolysis da halayenta.