Gurbatar iska ne saboda canje-canje da aka samar a cikin sararin samaniya, waxanda suke cutarwa ga halittu masu rai. Wannan nau'in gurbatarwar, ya danganta da inda yake, ana gane shi a matsayin na gida idan yankin tasirin sa ya iyakance ne zuwa wani yanki na musamman ko na duniya lokacin da tasirin sa ya isa duniya baki daya.
Bayyanawa ga gurɓatar iska a cikin dukkan wurare, musamman a wuraren birane, kuma zai iya shafar duka yawan rayuwar mu.
Maimaita karatu da nazari na yau da kullun sun jera gurɓatacciyar iska azaman sanadin sanadin mace-macen, wanda hakan ya bada damar kafa manufofin ingancin iska a cikin ƙasashe. Koyaya, yawancin ɓangarorin duniya suna ci gaba da zama a yankunan da ke da ƙarancin iska.
An halicci Yanayi ne don kariya daga cutarwa haskoki na rana (ultraviolet rays) ga mutane, dabbobi da tsire-tsire, a lokaci guda cewa baya barin abubuwa masu mahimmanci don rayuwarsu ta watse. Suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wannan kariya oxygen da lemar sararin samaniya
Abubuwan da ke haifar da gurbatacciyar iska
Abubuwan yanayi
Mutum ba koyaushe yake da zargi ba, wani lokacin abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓatacciyar iska na iya zama saboda su dalilai na halitta:
Toka da hayaki daga aman wuta.
Hayaki da hayaƙi daga gobara mara ƙamshi.
Storurar guguwa
Shuka tsire-tsire da fure.
Halin mutum
Abin takaici, a mafi yawan lokuta matsalolin da kanmu muke ƙirƙirawa. Zamu iya tantance wasu daga cikin dalilan gurbatar iska mutum ne ya halitta shi (anthropogenic) kamar haka:
Gurɓata daga motocin mai
Carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) da kuma abubuwan da ke haifar da gubar (tetraethyl lead) don haɓaka octane.
Gurɓatar abubuwa daga motoci a dizal (manyan motoci da bas)
Wannan yana haifar da hayaki mai dumbin yawa, hydrocarbons da ba a ƙone ba (HC), nitrogen oxides da sulfur dioxide daga sulfur da ke cikin mai.
Masu zafi ta kwal.
Abubuwan da ke gurɓata sulfur dioxide, toka, toka, ƙananan ƙarfe da sinadarin nitrogen.
Masu zafi da dizal ko dizal
SO2, SO3, NOx, ƙananan hydrocarbons marasa ƙonewa da ƙananan ƙwayoyin carbonaceous.
Masu zafi ta hanyar iskar gas mara gurbi.
Masana'antu da masana'antar ke fitarwa
Tsarin wutar lantarki mai ɗumama don samar da wutar lantarki. yi amfani da mai da kwal wanda ke tayar da toka, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, nauyi karafa da kuma sulfur (sulfur dioxide)
Ana iya raba dalilan gurɓatar iska ta:
Gurɓatattun abubuwa na farko
Abubuwa masu cutarwa waɗanda aka sallamar dasu kai tsaye zuwa cikin yanayi sune masu gurɓataccen yanayi
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Gas ne tare da mafi girman dalilin warming duniya a cikin abin da ake kira greenhouse sakamako. Ya samo asali ne daga konewar kwal, mai da iskar gas. A cikin manyan abubuwa yana da guba kuma yana iya haifar da mutuwa.
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Hakan ya faru ne saboda rashin ƙonewar mai kamar fetur, mai da itacen wuta. Lokacin da kake shaƙar shi, ana canza shi zuwa jini, inda yake hanawa isar da iskar oxygen. A cikin ƙananan rabbai yana jin kamar gajiya, ciwon kai da jiri kuma a cikin babban rabo na iya zama na mutuwa
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
An yi amfani dashi a cikin tsarin sanyaya kamar kwandishan iska. Wadannan gas din suna isa ga sararin samaniya kuma suna da alhakin raguwa daga cikin lemar sararin samaniya Layer.
Mai Gurɓatar Haɗarin Haɗari (HAP)
Kodayake emanations ɗinsu suna wucewa ta sararin samaniya, ya zama dole a rarrabe su a matsayin dalilan gurɓatar sinadarai. Suna iya haifar da cutar kansa, rikicewar jijiyoyi, nakasassu da mutuwa
Jagora
Karfe ne mai tsananin guba, a zahiri, kafin a fara amfani da bututun ruwa waɗanda aka yi su da wannan abu a jan ƙarfe. Emanations daga cinye mai Sun kasance mafi yawan kashi na guba waɗanda aka rage su a wani ɓangare tare da waɗanda ake kira masu haɓaka, amma har yanzu akwai samfuran da ke da babban abun cikin wannan kayan, fenti, batura, rina, da dai sauransu. Samfurin yana cutar kansa ne
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Dalilin hayaƙi (hazo da hayaƙi) (nitrogen oxides tare da mai canzawa mai hadewar mahadi rikicewar tsarin numfashi gaba ɗaya) kuma yana haifar da ruwan sama mai guba (yana lalata ciyayi da ruwa a tafkuna da rafuka, yana kawar da kwayoyin cuta wadanda sune abincin kifi).
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
An ƙirƙira shi a cikin ƙone kwal, dalilin hayaki da ruwan sama na acid. Yana da alaƙa da sulfuric acid, shi ma yana haifar da cuta na numfashi.
Barbashi
M magana a dakatar da haddasawa daban-daban cututtuka na numfashi.
Orungiyoyin laananan Voananan (VOC)
Sune dalilan gurɓatar sinadarai da ke wucewa ta sararin samaniya. Suna fitar da kumburi a sauƙaƙe (fetur, benzene, toluene, xylene da perchlorethylene. Benzene yana da tasirin cutar kansa).
Makarantun sakandare
Ba su yada kai tsaye cikin sararin samaniya, amma suna buƙatar yin amfani da sinadarai:
- Gurɓataccen hoto
- Ragowar kaurin lemar ozone
- Acidification na matsakaici
Sakamakon gurbacewar iska
Cututtuka a cikin mutane:
Asthma, emphysema, mashako, ciwon huhu na huhu.
Akwai illoli da yawa na gajere da na dogon lokaci waɗanda gurbatar iska zai iya shafar lafiyar mutane. Lallai gurbatar iska a birane yana kara kasadar kamuwa da cututtukan da suka shafi numfashi, kamar ciwon huhu, da na ci gaba, irin su kansar huhu da cututtukan zuciya.
Gurbatar iska yana shafar rukunin mutane daban-daban ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Mafi tsananin illa faruwa a cikin mutanen da suka riga suna rashin lafiya. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ƙungiyoyin da suka fi sauƙi, kamar yara, tsofaffi, da iyalai masu ƙarancin kuɗi tare da iyakance damar zuwa kiwon lafiya sun fi saukin kamuwa da cutarwar wannan lamarin.
Dermatological.
Gurbatar iska yana da tasiri kai tsaye kan kiwon lafiya musamman kan huhu. Hakanan yana da lahani sosai ga fata kuma da alama yana samarwa tsufar fata, bushewar fata, ci gaban kumburin fata, lalacewar kayan salula, da sauransu.
Sakamakon akan fata suna da yawa: ka zama mai bushewa, datti, mai saurin fushi. Amma kowane fata na musamman ne kuma ba zai amsa ta hanya ɗaya ba ga masu gurɓatawa, don shayarwar fata dangane da ƙarfin shanta da yanayin waje (yanayin zafi, yanayin zafi). Gurbatattun iska suma suna haifar da iska mai raɗaɗi waɗanda ke ɗauke da alhakin tsufa na fata. Wasu karatuttukan kimiyya kuma sun bayyana illolin gurɓatarwa akan index hydration kuma a cikin zubar da ruwa mai yawa. Fata na iya rasa sassauci da annuri.
A kan kayan:
Yashewa da kayan gini
A cikin tsire-tsire:
Yana lalata hotunan hoto.
Kashewar nau'ikan tsire-tsire yana ƙayyade raguwar adadin iskar oxygen da ƙwayoyin cuta ke samarwa, wanda ke shafar sarƙar abinci. Kayan lambu kwayoyin halitta ne wadanda suke samar da kwayoyin halitta da abinci a cikin al'ummomin da ke rayuwa; saboda haka, rashin flora yana shafar ci gaban rayuwa.
Muhalli:
Haɗari daga manyan birane
Garuruwa mafi munin game da hayaki sune waɗanda basa jin daɗin iska mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi, wanda yawanci waɗanda suke a cikin kwari da aka rufe, kusa da bakin teku, da dai sauransu. Misalan biranen dake yawan hayaki sune Santiago de Chile, Chile; Mexico City, Mexico; Los Angeles Amurka; London Ingila. Santiago da Mexico suna da matsalar a killace su, kuma iska mai karfi ba ta shafe su. Suna can sama sama, sannan iska mai sanyi tana sanya hayaƙin haya.
London ta sha wahala sosai daga shan sigari a baya, amma dokoki daban-daban suna haɓaka iska ta hanyar hana masana'antu, ƙirƙirar yankunan da babu hayaki, hana shigowa zuwa yankin cikin gari na motoci, Da dai sauransu
Los Angeles wani damuwa ne da ke kewaye da duwatsu, wanda ke nufin cewa hayakin ba zai iya tserewa ba. Ba tare da ambaton cewa yana ɗaya daga cikin garuruwan da suka fi ƙazantar da ƙazanta.
Matsalar hayaki a China
Rikicin muhalli a cikin Asia, ko ƙari musamman a China yana kai matakin da ba a taɓa gani ba. Manyan garuruwa suna zuwa daga jan sanarwa zuwa na gaba, hayaki yana ci gaba kamar guguwar yashi, saida kayan masks ya karu matuka, kuma hakan yana faruwa tare da sukar gwamnati. Amma daga nan za mu iya tambayar kanmu, Me yasa hakan ke faruwa? Dalilin ya hada abubuwa da yawa, daga masana'antu da makamashi, zuwa yanayin kasa.
Abin takaici ya zama hoto mai yawan gaske: Beijing, babban birnin kasar Sin, an rufe shi da hayaƙi. Hukumomi sun bincika zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa. Takamaiman takunkumi, ruwan sama na wucin gadi, drones ... babu wani abu da yake aiki. Matsalar ita ce, babu wata ma'ana da yawa game da kai hari ga manufofin kowane mutum. Gurbatar yanayi na bukatar hada karfi, kuma idan aka bata lokaci, hakan ya kan hauhawar farashin da jama'a suka biya.
Canjin yanayi
Canjin yanayi shine matsala mafi tsanani kuma da mahimmancin da bil'adama ke fuskanta a yau. Tun bayan bayyanar juyin juya halin masana’antu da kone-konen burbushin halittu don samar da wuta da safara, iskar gas a cikin yanayi, gami da COXNUMX, sun karu sosai.2 da kuma methane.
Thomas hannun jari, masanin ilmin kimiyar lissafi a Jami'ar Bern a Switzerland kuma daya daga cikin manyan marubutan sabbin rahotanni da IPCC (Goungiyar Gwamnati kan Canjin Yanayi), tana tabbatar da cewa duk shawarwarin da suka shafi makamashi da muka yanke a yau zai shafe mu ba da daɗewa ba. Yau miliyoyin tan na CO an zubar2 cikin sararin samaniya sakamakon konewar mai, gawayi ko iskar gas kuma sakamakon sare dazuzzuka. Saboda wadannan dalilan, yawan iskar gas a cikin yanayi shine mafi girma a cikin shekaru 800.000 na ƙarshe.
Tasirin Greenhouse
Manyan gas masu nauyi daban-daban suna shiga ƙari ko inasa a cikin sakamako greenhouse ta hanyar karfin dumama shi da tsawon rayuwar sa. Ta wannan hanyar, hatta gas da ake fitarwa a cikin ƙananan yawa na iya bayyane kuma ya ƙarfafa ƙarfin tasirin greenhouse.
Ruwan Acid
Waɗannan ruwan sama na acid musamman suna haifar da a halaka babban sikelin gandun daji conifers. Dangane da abubuwan da aka lura, bishiyoyin suna bushewa, gami da ƙasa da ƙirar ƙasa da ke ba da girma acidity. A matakin bishiyoyi, ganyayyakin suna zama rawaya, suna ɗaukar launi mara kyau kuma a ƙarshe ƙarshe rasa ganyensu gaba ɗaya.
Wasu tabkuna da ke kan ƙasa mai ƙyalli sun ga haɓakar acid ɗin su ta ƙaru sosai, har ta kai ga wasu tabkuna na Scandinavia na iya dakatar da sabuntawa saboda ruwan sama mai guba cewa sun sha wahala a baya. A ƙarshe, ruwan sama na ruwan sama yakan kai hari ga wasu karafa kuma haifar da zaizayar gine-gine.
Rushewar ozone layer
Launin ozone shine bel na gas na ozone wanda yake tsakanin kilomita 15 zuwa 30 sama da Duniya kamar yana garkuwa daga cutar ultraviolet B mai cutarwa fitar da rana.
Ozone wani abu ne mai matukar tasiri wanda yake dauke da kwayoyi uku na oxygen. Kullum yana cikin tsari kuma ya rabu a sama, kilomita 10 - 50 sama da Duniya, a yankin da ake kira madaidaiciya.
A halin yanzu, akwai damuwa da yawa cewa lemar sararin samaniya yana lalacewa saboda fitowar gurbatar dake dauke da sinadaran chlorine da bromine. Irin wannan tabarbarewar yana bada damar haskoki B da yawa na ultraviolet B su isa Duniya, wanda zai iya haifar da cutar kansa da cutar ido ga mutane da cutar dabbobi.
Matsaloli da ka iya faruwa?
Duk da yake gaskiya ne cewa mafita don dakatar da gurbatar iska Dole ne su sami tallafi daga cibiyoyin duniya da ƙananan hukumomi, gaskiya ne cewa mu, a matsayinmu na 'yan ƙasa, za mu iya ba da gudummawa masu mahimmanci waɗanda za su iya taimakawa, da yawa. Misali:
Sake amfani da shara, kayayyaki da kayan aiki.
Ta wannan hanyar muke gujewa cewa buƙatar abubuwan suna ƙaruwa kuma masana'antun, bi da bi, suna samar da sabbin raka'a. Tasirin muhalli zai zama ƙasa da ƙasa.
Amfani da keke
Ko kuma wasu hanyoyin na daban na sufuri kuma, sama da duka, waɗanda basa ƙazantar da mahalli.
Cinyewa da alhakin.
Ta hanyar bin ɗabi'un amfani masu amfani kamar sayen samfuran Tradean Kasuwanci ko adana amfani da makamashinmu, za mu tabbatar da hakan cin mu –Wanda babu makawa shi ne - ke da karancin tasiri a doron ƙasa da ma mu.
Gina lambun birane.
Hakanan zamu iya noman abincinmu a gida, daga hanyar halitta kuma ba tare da canza canjin yanayi na yanayin da muke aiki ba.
Hanyoyin da za'a iya magancewa na gwamnatoci
Sanya sufurin jama'a.
Posaddamarwa na al'ada kamar kuɗin fito a cikin cibiyoyin birni.
Rage bukatar motsi tsakanin mazaunan ta, tare da sabbin ayyukan birane.
Asingara wuraren kore da lambuna.
A gaskiya sabon salo shine tsaye gidãjen Aljanna, dogayen gine-ginen da aka sanya wa bishiyoyi da tsire-tsire, suna karɓar ɗimbin carbon dioxide, yana mai da su kyakkyawan matattarar ƙazanta da samar da iskar oxygen
Boost gine-gine mai kaifin baki
Ko dai tare da sabon doka, ko tare da tallafi. Yana da mahimmanci a inganta dorewa duka a cikin sababbi da kuma tsofaffin gine-gine.
A halin yanzu wannan ba shi da arha, amma sabbin gine-ginen zamani waɗanda ake ginawa a duniya suna da ra'ayin zama mai dogaro da kai ko kuma aƙalla yana da ƙananan tasiri sosai ga mahalli. Wasu gine-ginen da aka gina a yau na iya adana ruwan sama wanda aka sake amfani da shi don bayan gida da kuma sanya rikitarwa kanta sanyi, akwai windows waɗanda ke ba da ƙarin haske shiga shiga rage yawan kuzari kuma yanzu, godiya ga sababbin bangarori tare da murfi na musamman, waɗannan gine-ginen na iya sha gurbatacciyar iska da kuma canza shi zuwa sharar gida mara cutarwa
Amfani kwalta na musamman wanda ke ɗaukar wasu gurɓataccen kamar Noxer.
Blocksungiyoyin Noxer sune tubalin turmi na ciminti da keɓaɓɓen layin 5-7 mm na titanium (IV) oxide, wanda ke aiki azaman mai haɓaka abubuwa daban-daban. Titanium (IV) oxide mai daukar hoto ne wanda ke amfani da hasken rana don shanye sinadarin nitrogen gurɓata sosai (NO da NO2) a cikin nitrates marasa lahani waɗanda ruwan sama ke wanke su daga kan hanya.
Lokacin da aka fallasa titanium dioxide ultraviolet radiation yana zuwa daga hasken rana, yana ɗaukar radiation kuma yana haifar da tashin hankali ta lantarki.
Tubalan Noxer sun maye gurbin matafiya ta gargajiya a cikin garuruwa kusan talatin a Japan, inda aka fara gwada su a ciki Osaka a 1997. A yau ana iya samun su a cikin garin Westwinster, (London).
Noxer tubalan suna taimakawa rage matakan gurɓatuwa tuni suna raguwa da smog hari.
FAHIMTAR MAGANA SOSAI KYAUTA DA KYAUTA TAIMAKO,