Gurbacewar iska a birane na daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da yaki da matsalar yanayi. Tasirinsa a kan kiwon lafiya yana da mahimmancin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. The gurbacewa a Madrid yana haifar da mutuwar dubban mutane a kowace shekara tare da shi. Sai dai matakan da ake dauka na dakile gurbacewar iska ba su da wani tasiri sosai wajen inganta ingancin iska.
A cikin wannan labarin, za mu gaya muku game da muhimman al'amurran da gurɓatawa a Madrid, halin da ake ciki yanzu da kuma yadda za a iya koma baya.
Gurbatar yanayi a Madrid
A shekarun baya-bayan nan dai ana fama da matsalar iskar da iska a babban birnin kasar ta Spain, sakamakon wasu abubuwa da suka hada da zirga-zirga, masana'antu da yanayi, daya daga cikin abubuwan da gurbatar yanayi ke haifarwa a Madrid shi ne bayyanar cututtuka na numfashi. Tsawaita bayyanar da yawan gurɓatattun abubuwa na iya haifar da matsaloli kamar su mashako, asma da kuma na kullum obstructive huhu cuta (COPD). Wadannan cututtuka na iya yin tasiri sosai ga rayuwar mutanen da ke fama da su kuma a wasu lokuta suna iya zama masu mutuwa.
Rage gani wani abu ne da ya ƙara zama abin gani a cikin birni. Yawan adadin barbashi na iska na iya sa a yi wahalar gani a fili, wanda zai iya zama haɗari ga direbobi da masu tafiya a ƙasa. Wadannan gurbatattun barbashi na iska na iya shafar ingancin abubuwan tarihi da gine-gine, wanda ke haifar da mummunan tasiri ga yawon shakatawa da tattalin arzikin gida.
kuma gurbatar yanayi yana da mummunan tasiri a kan yanayi da bambancin halittu. Fitowar iskar iskar gas tana da yuwuwar yuwuwar ƙasa da ruwa na acidity, wanda zai iya shafar flora da fauna. Dangane da yanayin yanayi, yana iya haifar da ruwan sama na acid, tare da mummunan sakamako ga amfanin gona da dazuzzukan da ke kewaye.
Har ila yau, gurbacewar yanayi a Madrid ya shafi tattalin arziki. Kuma shi ne abin da kamfanoni ke shafar hana zirga-zirgar ababen hawa da wajibcin rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli. A kan wannan mun kara da cewa yawon shakatawa na iya raguwa saboda rashin ingancin iska da rage gani, don haka tattalin arzikin zai iya yin tasiri sosai.
Sakamakon gurbacewar yanayi a Madrid
Fitar da iskar gas mai guba, galibi nitrogen dioxide (NO2) da kuma dakatarwar barbashi, suna da mummunan sakamako ga duka lafiya da muhalli. Dangane da lafiya, gurbacewar iska na iya haifar da cututtukan numfashi, kamar su asma, mashako ko ciwon huhu, da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, da sauransu. Bayan haka, illolin suna da cutarwa musamman a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu rauni, kamar yara, tsofaffi ko mutanen da ke da matsalolin lafiya a baya.
Wani sakamakon da ya fi fitowa fili na gurbatar yanayi a Madrid shine abin da ake kira "smog berets", wani ƙaramin gajimare wanda da alama ya lulluɓe birnin. Wadannan “beret” suna faruwa ne sakamakon gurbacewar iskar gas da ke makale a sararin samaniya da kuma kara wasu dalilai, kamar jujjuyawar yanayin zafi, ke sa gajimaren gurbatar yanayi ya kasa watse.
Manyan gurɓatattun abubuwa da maida hankalinsu
Nitrogen dioxide
Iyaka na shekara-shekara na iskar iskar iskar gas shine matsakaita na shekara-shekara na 40 micrograms na gurɓataccen iska a cikin mitar kubik na iska (μg/m3). Bayanai daga cibiyar auna gurɓacewar yanayi na Madrid sun nuna cewa a cikin 2022 babu ɗaya daga cikin tashoshi 24 da suka auna wannan gurɓataccen abu da ya wuce iyakar shekara. A al'ada mafi yawan tashe-tashen hankula tasha tasha, Plaza Elíptica, mai rijista 40 µg/m3 kawai, ya kai wannan iyaka. Shekaru biyun da suka gabata, 2020 da 21, sun yi rajista 41 µg/m3, don haka yayin da zai yiwu a bi doka, haɓakawa kaɗan ne. Wannan raguwar tabbas yana da tasiri da gaskiyar cewa Nuwamba da Disamba 2022, watanni biyun da galibi ke yin rikodin anticyclones da kololuwar gurɓata ruwa, suna da ruwa sosai.
Yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da halin da ake ciki inda za a iya kwatanta wakilcin tashoshin auna gurbataccen yanayi a wurare daban-daban na birnin. Don haka, alal misali, tashar Plaza Elíptica tana wakiltar ingancin iska da aka rubuta a kusa da ƙofar babbar hanyar birni (A-42), kamar yadda yake kusa da ƙofar Madrid daga wasu manyan hanyoyi.
Abubuwan da aka dakatar
Bayanan da aka tattara a cikin 2022 sun nuna cewa yanayin da wannan gurɓataccen abu ya ta'azzara idan aka kwatanta da shekarun baya. Duk da bin ƙa'idodin doka na yanzu, gaskiyar ita ce, 8 daga cikin tashoshi 13 da ke auna PM10 da matsakaicin hanyar sadarwa sun wuce iyakar shekara-shekara an tsara don dokokin Turai na gaba (20 μg/m3). Duk rukunin yanar gizon sun wuce ƙimar shawarar WHO (15 μg/m3).
Game da barbashi na PM2,5, Plaza Elíptica, ɗaya daga cikin tashoshi takwas a cikin hanyar sadarwar da ke auna wannan gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu, ya wuce iyakar doka ta shekara-shekara (10 μg/m3) da aka tsara don dokokin Turai na gaba. Duk rukunin yanar gizon sun zarce ƙimar shawarar WHO na yanzu (5 μg/m3).
tropospheric ozone
Hakanan yanayin wannan gurɓataccen abu bai inganta ba. A lokacin 2022, uku daga cikin wuraren aunawa na 12 O3 sun zarce ƙimar manufa ta sa'o'i takwas (120 μg/m3), sun zarce sau 25 da ƙa'idodi suka yarda.
A gefe guda kuma, dokar ta kafa kofa don ba da bayanai ga jama'a (180 μg/m3 na sa'a ɗaya). A shekarar 2022, 5 daga cikin shafuka 12 da ke auna gurɓacewar O3 sun ba da rahoton cin zarafi na wannan iyakar rahoton: El Pardo (sau 4 ya wuce), Plaza del Carmen (sau 3), Villaverde (lokaci 1), Escuelas Aguirre (lokaci 1) da Barajas Pueblo (lokaci 1). Wannan sakamakon yana wakiltar alamar tabarbarewa dangane da bayanai daga shekaru biyun da suka gabata, wanda babu bayanai sama da wannan kofa. Haɓaka kololuwar gurɓataccen iska ba shakka yana da alaƙa da tsananin zafin da zai faru a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2022, wanda ke tabbatar da cewa sauyin yanayi shi ne ke tabbatar da tabarbarewar yanayin rashin ingancin iska.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin za ku iya ƙarin koyo game da gurɓataccen yanayi a Madrid da sakamakonsa ga lafiya da muhalli.