El formic acid Methanoic acid shine mafi sauƙi kuma mafi ƙanƙanta fili na duk kwayoyin acid. Yana da dabarar kwayoyin halitta HCOOH tare da atom hydrogen guda daya da aka danganta da carbon atom. Sunanta ya fito daga kalmar forica, wanda ke nufin tururuwa a cikin harshen Latin. Yana da mahimmancin mahimmancin fili a duniyar sunadarai kuma ana amfani da shi sosai a yau.
Saboda wannan dalili, za mu sadaukar da wannan labarin don gaya muku duk abin da kuke buƙatar sani game da formic acid, halaye da mahimmancinsa.
Babban fasali
Masana dabi'a na karni na sha biyar sun gano cewa wasu nau'ikan kwari (masu kashewa), kamar tururuwa, tururuwa, kudan zuma da beetles, suna ɓoye wannan sinadari wanda ke sa cizon su ciwo. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan kwari suna amfani da wannan fili a matsayin hanyar kai hari, tsaro da siginar sinadarai.
Suna da gland mai guba waɗanda ke fitar da wannan da sauran acid, kamar acetic acid, daga jiki a cikin sigar hazo. Formic acid ya fi acetic acid (CH3COOH); sabili da haka, daidaitaccen adadin formic acid wanda aka narkar da shi a cikin ruwa zai haifar da wani bayani tare da ƙananan pH.
Masanin ilimin halitta dan kasar Ingila John Ray ya sami keɓewar wannan fili a cikin 1671, an fitar da su daga adadi mai yawa na tururuwa. A daya hannun, na farko nasara kira na wannan fili da aka gudanar da Faransa chemist da physicist Joseph Gay-Lussac ta yin amfani da hydrocyanic acid (HCN) a matsayin reagent.
formic acid a cikin yanayi
Formic acid na iya wanzuwa a matakan ƙasa, a matsayin wani ɓangare na biomass ko a cikin yanayi, yana shiga cikin nau'ikan halayen sinadarai, har ma ana iya samun shi a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, a cikin mai ko a cikin yanayin gas a samansa.
Dangane da ilimin halittu, kwari da shuke-shuke sune manyan masu samar da wannan acid. Lokacin da burbushin mai ya ƙone, suna samar da gaseous formic acid; don haka, injunan mota suna sakin wannan acid a cikin yanayi.
Duk da haka, akwai tururuwa da yawa da suke rayuwa a duniya. sannan samar da sinadarin formic acid a tsakaninsu ya ninka sau dubbai fiye da adadin methanoic acid da masana’antar dan Adam ke samarwa a cikin shekara guda. Gobarar daji kuma tushen iskar gas ne na formic acid.
Mafi girma, a cikin hadadden matrix na yanayi, matakan photochemical don kira na formic acid suna faruwa. A wannan gaba, yawancin mahadi masu canzawa (VOCs) suna raguwa a ƙarƙashin aikin radiation UV ko kuma suna da iskar oxygen ta hanyar tsarin OH. Arziki da hadaddun sunadarai na yanayi yana da nisa babban tushen methanoic acid a duniya.
Tsarin atomic na formic acid
Hoton da ke sama yana nuna tsarin dimer gas na formic acid. Farin spheres yayi daidai da atom ɗin hydrogen, jajayen zuwa atom ɗin oxygen da kuma baƙi zuwa carbon atom.
Ana iya ganin ƙungiyoyi biyu a cikin waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta: hydroxyl (-OH) da formyl (-CH = O), wanda ke iya samar da haɗin gwiwar hydrogen. Waɗannan hulɗar na nau'in OHO ne, inda ƙungiyar hydroxyl ita ce mai ba da gudummawar H kuma ƙungiyar formyl ita ce mai ba da gudummawar O.
Koyaya, H da ke daure zuwa carbon atom ba su da wannan ikon. Waɗannan hulɗar suna da ƙarfi sosai, kuma hydrogen ɗin da ke cikin rukunin OH ya fi acidic saboda ƙarancin lantarki H atom; Don haka, wannan hydrogen yana kara daidaita gadar. Sakamakon abubuwan da ke sama, formic acid yana wanzuwa azaman dimer ba a matsayin kwayar halitta ɗaya ba.
Yayin da zafin jiki ke faɗuwa, dimer ɗin yana daidaita haɗin gwiwar hydrogen don ƙirƙirar mafi daidaiton tsari tare da sauran dimers, yana haifar da sarƙoƙin alpha da beta marasa iyaka na methanoic acid. Wannan tsarin crystal Ya dogara da sauye-sauye na zahiri da ke aiki da shi, kamar matsa lamba da zafin jiki.. Saboda haka, kirtani mai iya canzawa. Idan an ƙara matsa lamba zuwa matsananciyar matakan, ana danne sarƙoƙi don a yi la'akari da su azaman crystalline polymer na formic acid.
Propiedades
Za mu mayar da hankali kan kwatanta manyan kaddarorin formic acid:
- methanoic acid ne ruwa mara launi a dakin da zafin jiki tare da kamshi mai kauri. Yana da nauyin kwayoyin halitta na 46g/mol, wurin narkewa na 8,4ºC da wurin tafasa na 100,8ºC, sama da na ruwa.
- Miscible tare da ruwa da polar Organic kaushi kamar ether, acetone, methanol da ethanol.
- Akasin haka, a cikin abubuwan kamshi irin su benzene da toluene, ba shi da narkewa sosai saboda formic acid yana da ƙananan ƙwayoyin carbon a cikin tsarinsa.
- Yana da pKa 3,77, wanda ya fi acidic acid fiye da acetic acid, wanda za'a iya bayyana shi saboda ƙungiyar methyl tana samar da adadin electron zuwa carbon atom oxidized ta hanyar oxygen guda biyu. Wannan yana haifar da raguwa kaɗan a cikin acidity na protons (CH3COOH, HCOOH).
- Da zarar acid ɗin ya ɓace, an tuba zuwa formate anion HCOO-, wanda ke ƙaddamar da mummunan cajin tsakanin ƙwayoyin oxygen guda biyu. Saboda haka, yana da anion barga kuma yana da alhakin yawan acidity na formic acid.
Amfanin Formic Acid
Masana'antar abinci da noma
Kamar cutarwa kamar methanoic acid, ana amfani da shi a cikin isassun ƙididdiga a matsayin mai kiyaye abinci saboda tasirinsa na ƙwayoyin cuta. Saboda wannan dalili da ake amfani da shi a noma, yana da magungunan kashe kwari. Hakanan yana da tasirin maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta akan ciyawa kuma yana taimakawa hana iskar gas na hanji a cikin dabbobin gona.
Masana'antar saka da takalma
Ana amfani da shi a masana'antar masaku don yin rini da tace masani kuma tabbas shine mafi yawan amfani da wannan acid. Ana amfani da Formic acid don sarrafa fata da depilation na wannan abu ta hanyar aikinta na ragewa. Deprotonation na formic acid tuba zuwa formate anion HCOO-, wanda delocalizes mummunan cajin tsakanin biyu oxygen atom. Saboda haka, yana da anion barga kuma yana da alhakin yawan acidity na formic acid.
Aminci a hanya
Bugu da ƙari ga ƙayyadaddun amfani da masana'antu, ana amfani da abubuwan da aka samo asali na formic acid (tsarin) akan hanyoyin hunturu a Switzerland da Austria don rage haɗarin haɗari. Wannan magani ya fi tasiri fiye da amfani da gishirin tebur.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya ƙarin koyo game da formic acid, tsarinsa da amfaninsa.