Daya daga cikin abubuwan da akafi amfani dasu a duniya don samar da makamashin lantarki shine Francis injin turbin. Injin turbo ne wanda James B. Francis ya kirkira kuma yana aiki ta hanyar amsawa da gauraya mai gudana. Su turbines ne na lantarki waɗanda suke da ƙarfin bayar da yawo iri-iri da kuma yawan gudu kuma suna aiki akan gangarowa daga mita biyu zuwa mita ɗari da yawa.
A cikin wannan labarin zamu gaya muku game da duk halaye da mahimmancin tasirin injin na Francis.
Babban fasali
Wannan nau'in injin turbin yana iya aiki a tsayi mara daidaituwa wanda ya fara daga mitoci da yawa zuwa ɗaruruwan mita. Ta wannan hanyar, an tsara shi don ya sami damar aiki a cikin madaidaiciyar kawuna da gudana. Godiya ga manne mai inganci wanda aka gina da kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da shi, wannan samfurin zai zama ɗayan da aka fi amfani da shi a duniya. Babban amfani da shi shine a fannin samar da wutar lantarki a cikin tsirrai masu amfani da ruwa.
Hydroelectric makamashi, kamar yadda muka sani, wani nau'in makamashi ne mai sabuntawa wanda ke amfani da ruwan da ke cikin kwantena don samar da wutar lantarki. Waɗannan turbin ɗin suna da wahalar gaske kuma suna da tsada don tsarawa don girka amma zasu iya aiki shekaru da yawa. Wannan ya sa saka hannun jari a cikin farashin farko na wannan nau'in injin ya fi na sauran girma. Koyaya, yana da daraja tunda farkon saka hannun jari na iya biyan kuɗi a cikin fewan shekarun farko. Kamar yadda yake tare da makamashi na photovoltaic wanda muke amfani da bangarorin hasken rana tare da matsakaicin rayuwa mai amfani na shekaru 25, zamu iya dawo da saka hannun jari yayin shekarun 10-15 na amfani.
Babban injin injinan Francis yayi fasalin tsarin hydrodynamic cewa Yana tabbatar mana da babban aiki saboda gaskiyar cewa da kyar ake samun asarar ruwa. Suna da ƙarfi sosai a cikin bayyanar kuma suna da ƙarancin kulawa. Wannan shi ne ɗayan mahimman abubuwan da ke tattare da wannan nau'in injin ɗin tun lokacin da kiyayewar ke ƙasa da abin da ke rage yawan farashi. Ba a ba da shawarar shigar da injin turbin mai tsawan sama da mita 800 ba tunda akwai bambanci da yawa a cikin nauyi. Hakanan ba kyau a girka irin wannan injin turbin a wuraren da akwai manyan canje-canje a cikin kwarara.
Cavitation a cikin injin turbin Francis
Cavitation muhimmin al'amari ne wanda dole ne mu sarrafa shi a kowane lokaci. Tasirin hydrodynamic ne da ke faruwa lokacin da aka samar da kofofin tururi a cikin ruwan da yake wucewa ta mashin din. Kamar yadda yake da ruwa, yana iya faruwa tare da duk wani ruwa wanda yake cikin yanayin ruwa kuma ta inda yake aiki da ƙarfin da ke amsa bambancin ciki. A wannan yanayin, yakan faru ne lokacin da ruwan ya wuce da sauri ta hanyar kaifi kuma akwai ragi tsakanin ruwaye da kiyayewar ruwan Bernoulli.
Zai iya faruwa cewa matsawar tururin ruwan yana cikin irin wannan yanayin da ƙwayoyin zasu iya canzawa nan take ya kasance tururi kuma yawan kumbura suna samuwa. Wadannan kumfa an san su da cavities. Wannan shine inda ma'anar cavitation ya fito.
Duk waɗannan kumfa tafiya zuwa yankuna daga inda matsi ya fi girma zuwa inda ƙananan matsa lamba suke. Yayin wannan tafiya, tururin ba zato ba tsammani ya sake komawa yanayin ruwa. Wannan yana haifar da kumfa ya ƙare da murkushewa da lalatawa da kuma samar da sahun iskar gas wanda ke samar da adadin makamashi mai ƙarfi a farfajiyar ƙasa kuma hakan na iya tsagewa yayin tasirin.
Duk wannan ko dai ya sanya mu la'akari da cavitation a cikin injin turbin Francis.
Francis injin turbin sassa
Wannan nau'in injin din din din yana da bangarori daban-daban kuma kowane daya ne ke da alhakin bada tabbacin samar da makamashin lantarki. Zamu bincika kowane ɗayan waɗannan sassan:
- Karkace jam'iyya: Wani ɓangare ne na turbine na Francis wanda ke da alhakin rarraba ruwan a ko'ina a mashigar iska. Wannan ɗakin karkace yana da siffar katantanwa kuma saboda matsakaicin saurin ruwa dole ne ya kasance mai ɗorewa a kowane bangare na shi. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa dole ya zama cikin sifar karkace da katantanwa. Yankin giciye na wannan ɗakin na iya zama nau'ikan daban-daban. A gefe guda, mai kusurwa huɗu kuma a ɗayan madauwari, madauwari ya fi yawa.
- Mai ba da labari: Bangaren wannan injin turbin ne wanda yake hade da ruwan wukake. Wadannan ruwan wukake suna da aikin tsari zalla. Suna aiki ne don kula da tsarin ɗakunan karkatarwar da muka ambata a sama kuma suna ba shi wadataccen ƙarfi don ya iya tallafawa ɗaukacin tsarin hydrodynamic da rage asara na ruwa.
- Mai Rarrabawa: wannan bangare an gina shi ta hanyar motocin jagora masu motsi. Waɗannan abubuwan dole ne su iya daidaita ruwan yadda ya dace da Balarabe wanda ya tabbata. Kari akan wannan, wannan mai rarrabawa shine ke kula da tsara kwararar da aka bayar yayin wucewa ta mashin din Francis. Wannan shine yadda za'a iya canza ƙarfin turbin don ya zama dole a daidaita shi gwargwadon iko ga bambancin loda na cibiyar sadarwar lantarki. A lokaci guda, yana da ikon jagorantar kwararar ruwan don inganta aikin injin.
- Impeller ko na'ura mai juyi: ita ce zuciyar mashin din Francis. Wannan saboda wuri ne da ake musayar kuzari tsakanin dukkan inji. Thearfin ruwa daidai lokacin da yake ratsawa ta cikin iska shine jimlar ƙarfin kuzari, kuzarin da matsin lamba yake da shi da kuma ƙarfin kuzari dangane da tsayi. Jigon yana da alhakin canza wannan makamashin zuwa wutar lantarki. Motsa jiki yana da alhakin watsa wannan ƙarfin ta hanyar shaft zuwa janareto na lantarki inda ake aiwatar da wannan juzu'in na ƙarshe. Zai iya samun nau'ikan daban-daban dangane da takamaiman adadin juyin juya halin da aka ƙera inji.
- Tsotsa bututu: Shine bangaren da ruwan yake fitowa daga injin turbin. Aikin wannan sashin shine bada ci gaba ga ruwa da dawo da tsallen da aka rasa a wuraren da suke sama da matakin ruwa. Gabaɗaya, an gina wannan ɓangaren a cikin hanyar rarrabawa don ya samar da tasirin tsotsa wanda ke taimakawa wajen dawo da wani ɓangare na ƙarfin da ba a kawo shi ga na'ura mai juyi ba.
Ina fatan cewa tare da wannan bayanin zaku iya ƙarin koyo game da injin turbin Francis.