Endaweni yethu sinenani elikhulu lezingilazi yonke indawo. Nokho, ababaningi abantu abazi yenziwe kanjani ingilazi. Kulesi sihloko sizofunda ukuthi ingilazi nekristalu zenziwa futhi zenziwe kanjani nokuthi yimuphi umehluko okhona phakathi kwazo zonke. Namuhla sisebenzisa inani elikhulu lezinto ezenziwe ngengilazi nekristalu. Ukuthengiswa kwezindlu, izimoto, izibuko, amabhodlela emithi, amabhodlela, izikrini zethelevishini, izibani ezikhanyayo, izinto zokubala zezitolo, ubuso bewashi, amavazi, imihlobiso nokunye okuningi.
Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele ukuthi ingilazi yenziwe kanjani nokuthi yini okufanele icatshangelwe ngakho.
Ingilazi yenziwe kanjani
Ingilazi yenziwe ngesihlabathi, futhi iyisihlabathi esiqukethe isakhi esibizwa ngokuthi i-silica, okuyisisekelo sokwenza ingilazi. Kubaluleke kakhulu futhi ukwazi ukuthi ungahlukanisa kanjani phakathi kwengilazi nekristalu. Okubizwa ngokuthi "i-crystal" nakho kuyingilazi, kodwa kunomthofu owengeziwe. Kodwa ake sikubheke kangcono lokhu.
Ingilazi yenziwe nge-silica esihlabathini nakwezinye izinto ezifana ne-sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) kanye ne-limestone (CaCO3). Singasho ukuthi yakhiwe Izinto ezi-3, ingxube yesihlabathi se-quartz, i-soda kanye ne-lime. Lezi zakhi ezintathu zincibilika esithandweni ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu (cishe 1.400ºC kuya ku-1.600ºC). Umphumela walokhu kuhlanganiswa wukunamathisela kwengilazi okuye kwafakwa ngaphansi kwamasu ahlukahlukene okubumba, okuyizindlela zokubumba, njengoba sizobona ngezansi. Njengoba kungase kubonakale, impahla eluhlaza ingilazi isihlabathi.
Ukukhiqiza ingilazi
Sizobona izindlela ezi-3 ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokubumba ingilazi, noma ngokufanayo, ukwenziwa kwemikhiqizo yengilazi.
- Automatic blow molding: Izinto zengilazi (ingilazi encibilikisiwe) ingena esikhunjeni esingenalutho, indawo yayo yangaphakathi inesimo esifuna ukunikeza ingilazi, noma ngokunembile, ukuma kwento yokugcina. Uma isikhunta sesivaliwe, umoya ocindezelwe ujovwa ngaphakathi ukuze uvumelane nezindonga zawo. Ngemuva kokupholisa, vula isikhunta bese ususa into. Njengoba ungase ubone, ingilazi encibilikisiwe yenziwa kusengaphambili, futhi ekugcineni ingxenye esele, ebizwa ngokuthi i-flash, iyasikwa. Phansi kwekhasi, unevidiyo, ukuze ukwazi ukubona ubuchwepheshe ngempela. Lobu buchwepheshe busetshenziselwa ukwenza amabhodlela, izimbiza, izibuko, njll. Lobu buchwepheshe busetshenziselwa ukwenza amabhodlela, izimbiza, izibuko, njll.
- Yakhiwe ngokuntanta kubhavu kathayela: Le nqubo isetshenziselwa ukuthola amapuleti engilazi, isibonelo ukwenza ingilazi namafasitela. Thela into encibilikisiwe ethini eliqukethe ithini eliwuketshezi. Njengoba ingilazi inobukhulu obuphansi kunethayela, isakazwa phezu kwethini (elintantayo) ukuze yenze ama-flakes, aphushelwa esithandweni somlilo ngesimiso samarola, lapho epholiswa khona. Uma esepholile, amashidi ayasikwa.
- Yakhiwe ngama-roller: Impahla encibilikisiwe idlula ohlelweni olubushelelezi noma lwe-granular lamination roll. Le nqubo isetshenziselwa ukwenza ingilazi yokuphepha. Empeleni kuyafana nendlela yangaphambilini, umehluko yilapho idivayisi yokusika itholakala khona, sine-roller engakwazi ukubumba kanye / noma ukujiya ishidi ngaphambi kokusika.
Glass kanye crystal izakhiwo
Izici ezibaluleke kakhulu zengilazi yilezi: okusobala, okuguquguqukayo, ukungangeni kwamanzi, ukumelana nezimo zemvelo kanye nama-reactants amakhemikhali, futhi ekugcineni kunzima kodwa kuntekenteke kakhulu. Okuqinile kusho ukuthi ayiklwebheki kalula futhi ishwabene, ihlephuke kalula ngamaqhubu.
Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwengilazi nekristalu. Okokuqala, kufanele siqonde umehluko phakathi kwengilazi nekristalu. Ikristalu ikhona ngezindlela ezahlukene emvelweni, njenge-quartz noma ikristalu, ngakho iyimpahla eluhlaza.
Kodwa-ke, ingilazi iyimpahla (eyenziwe ngesandla) ngoba iwumphumela wokuhlanganiswa kwezingxenye ezithile (i-silica, i-soda kanye ne-lime). Uma sikhuluma ngamakhemikhali, usawoti, ushukela kanye neqhwa nakho kuyizinhlayiya, kanye namatshe ayigugu, izinsimbi namapende e-fluorescent.
Kodwa igama elithi ingilazi livame ukusetshenziswa njengegama elivamile lanoma iyiphi i-glassware emise okwedlulele kunezimbiza zengilazi noma amabhodlela asetshenziswa nsuku zonke. Lokho abantu abaningi abakubiza ngokuthi “ikristalu” kubhekisela engilazini okufakwe kuyo umthofu (i-lead oxide). Lolu hlobo "lwengilazi" empeleni "ingilazi yomthofu." Lolu hlobo lwengilazi lubaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokuqina nokuhlobisa kwalo, nakuba lungenalo isakhiwo se-crystalline. Ibizwa ngokuthi i-crystal futhi iyikristalu evamile yezingilazi nemihlobiso.
Ukuze ugweme amaphutha, kuye kwasungulwa izindinganiso ezi-3 zokuphatha ingilazi yomthofu njengokungathi ikristalu. Le mithethonqubo yasungulwa ngo-1969 yiqembu elikhulu labahwebi e-European Union. I-United States ayikaze izibekele izindinganiso zayo, kodwa yamukela izindinganiso zase-Europe ngezinjongo zamasiko.
Izimo ezintathu okufanele zicatshangelwe ingilazi yekristalu eholayo yilezi:
- Okuqukethwe okuholayo kudlula ama-24%. Khumbula, yingilazi enomthofu kuphela.
- Ukuminyana kukhulu kuno-2,90.
- Inkomba ye-refractive engu-1.545.
Kodwa-ke, kukhona nezingilazi ezidalwe emvelweni, njenge-obsidian eyakhiwe ukushisa okukhiqizwa ngaphakathi kwentaba-mlilo, efana nengilazi.
Njengoba ubona, ngephutha sibiza ingilazi eholayo noma ingilazi ebonakalayo ngoba ukukhanya kwayo kulingisa ingilazi yemvelo. Lokhu kulingisa bekulokhu kuyinhloso eyinhloko yabakhiqizi bezingilazi. Akufanele nanini sibeke izinto zengilazi eziwumthofi ezitsheni ezigaywe kabusha zengilazi. Ngokwesibonelo, amalambu okukhanyisa noma izibani, amalambu e-fluorescent, nezingilazi zewayini zenziwe ngengilazi esikhundleni sengilazi. Kodwa-ke, ingilazi yekhishi evamile ngokuvamile yenziwe ngengilazi.
Kukhona ukudideka okuningi okuvamile kubantu ngokubiza ingilazi yengilazi futhi okuphambene nalokho. Uma sesibona inqubo yokubunjwa komunye nomunye, singabona kakade wonke umehluko phakathi kwabo, ngaphezu kwezici zabo. Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nendlela ingilazi eyenziwe ngayo.