I-Las usawoti oncibilikisiwe ziwumkhiqizo onohlu olubanzi lwezinhlelo zokusebenza, ezifana nokushisa kwenqubo yokushisa ephezulu, ukwelashwa kokushisa nokufakwa kwensimbi, kanye nokugcinwa kokushisa ezitshalweni zamandla okushisa kwelanga. Lawa sawoti aqukethe i-fluoride, i-chloride ne-nitrate. Basebenzisa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke wamandla avuselelekayo.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukuze sikutshele konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana nezinyoni ezikhonjiwe, yiziphi izici zazo kanye nokusebenziseka kwazo.
usawoti oncibilikisiwe
Izinzuzo zikasawoti oncibilikisiwe izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu lesigaba soketshezi (1000°F/538°C noma ngaphezulu) kanye nomfutho womhwamuko omncane noma ongenawo nhlobo. Usawoti oncibilikisiwe ungashintsha uwoyela wemvelo noma wokwenziwa ezinhlelweni zokudlulisa ukushisa. Nakuba usawoti oncibilikisiwe unikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphezulu okusebenza kwawo, futhi zingaba nezindawo ezingathandeki ezinamaphoyinti aphezulu kakhulu wokuqandisa (120°C kuya ku-220°C).
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zezinhlelo zokushisisa usawoti oncibilikisiwe: izifudumezi zikasawoti okugeza, izinhlelo zikasawoti oncibilikisiwe, kanye nokufudumeza okuqondile kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana nokwelapha izingxenye zensimbi. Izinselelo zingaba khona ngazo zonke lezi zinhlobo zamasistimu: i-metallurgy, i-instrumentation, ukukhethwa kwengxenye yesistimu, ukulandelela ukushisa, ukuncibilika, nokukhipha amanzi, ukubala okumbalwa.
izinhlelo zikasawoti ezincibilikisiwe
izinhlelo zikasawoti ezincibilikisiwe esetshenziselwa ukusabalalisa usawoti wesigaba soketshezi olushisayo kuma-heaters noma ezinye izinqubo ezidla ukushisa.
Lapho kudingeka amandla ashisayo, inqubo yokujikeleza kukasawoti oncibilikisiwe iqala. Amasistimu amaningi agcina usawoti ngaphezu kwendawo yawo yokuqandisa ukuze kugwenywe inqubo yokuncibilika. Esimeni sokuqala esibandayo noma esimweni sokuqala, usawoti uyancibilika ethangini likasawoti elishisayo. Usawoti oncibilikisiwe ube usuqala ukujikeleza endaweni evaliwe kusetshenziswa ipompo yokubuyisela kabusha. eklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukupompa usawoti oshisayo. Uketshezi luzungeza lusuka ethangini likasawoti elishisayo luye endaweni evuthayo noma kusifudumezi sikagesi, bese luye kumsebenzisi bese lubuyela ethangini likasawoti elishisayo.
Ngokuvamile lesi simiso siklanywe ngendlela yokuthi uma iphampu yokuhambisa amanzi ivaliwe, usawoti oncibilikisiwe uzobuyela ethangini likasawoti elishisayo. Ihlukile ezinhlelweni zokushisisa iluphu evaliwe ngenxa yephoyinti eliqandayo likasawoti. Isistimu kufanele isebenzise idizayini yethangi likasawoti oshisayo uketshezi oluhlala lubuyiselwa kulo uma isistimu ivaliwe.
Ukuklama nokushisa kwalezi zinhlelo kumele kugweme ukuqina noma ukushaqeka okushisayo kumapayipi omjikelezo. Usawoti oncibilikisiwe ugcinwa kulezi zinhlelo ku-1050°F/566°C ngomfutho ojwayelekile womkhathi. Kulezi zinhlelo, izinzwa zisetshenziselwa ukulinganisa nokulawula izinga loketshezi, ingcindezi, izinga lokushisa, nezinga lokugeleza.
Izinhlelo zokujikeleza kukasawoti oncibilikisiwe zinganikeza izitshalo izinketho ezihlanganisiwe zokugcina amandla eziklanyelwe ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezithile zohlelo lokusebenza. Lo mqondo wokugcina amandla uvamile ezitshalweni zamandla elanga ukuze zigcine amandla ashisayo ebusuku noma ngezinsuku eziguqubele.
Amathangi okugcina
Ithangi likasawoti elincibilikisiwe liyingxenye ebalulekile yohlelo lukasawoti oluncibilikisiwe njengoba lisiza ukuhambisa usawoti oncibilikisiwe ngejeneretha futhi linike amandla ukufakwa.
Izinhlelo zikasawoti ezincibilikisiwe zivame ukusebenza ngamathangi amabili okugcina amazinga okugcwalisa ahlukene kanye namazinga okushisa, ithangi likasawoti elishisayo kanye nethangi elibandayo likasawoti. Usawoti oncibilikisiwe ethangini elifakwe esiqandisini uyanyakaza kulo mjikelezo, kuyilapho usawoti osethangeni likasawoti oshisayo uzungeza ukuze uphakele isimiso.
Iphampu yokujikeleza kwesistimu ivamise ukufakwa kuleli thangi, kanye nento kagesi noma ipayipi lokucisha umlilo lelo esetshenziswa njengomthombo wokushisa ukuncibilikisa usawoti oqinile. Lawa mathangi ngokuvamile aphathwa ngokushisa futhi angafakwa insulation ngezinto ze-ceramic kanye nezingubo zokuzivikela. Ngokufaka insulating ithangi, ungaqinisekisa ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu.
I-Bath Uhlobo Lokushisa Usawoti
Amasistimu okushisa usawoti ohlobo lokugeza angasebenzisi iphampu yokuhambisa amanzi asekelwe kunqubo yemvelo yokuguqula. lezi zinhlelo zenzelwe ukusebenza emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, ukunikeza ukushisa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene.
Izifudumezi zikasawoti zokugeza zisebenza ngokushisisa isiqukathi sikasawoti sisebenzisa isibasi seshubhu lomlilo noma into kagesi ecwiliswe ngaphansi kwesiqukathi. Usawoti oncibilikisiwe ube usushisisa ikhoyili yenqubo engaphansi kwamanzi lapho uketshezi lwenqubo lufudumala khona. Amandla ashisayo adluliswa eshubhu lomlilo aye kubhavu. usawoti njengoba Indawo yokudlulisa ukushisa isebenza emazingeni okushisa afika ku-800°F/427°C.
Ukucatshangelwa kokuklama kufanele kubhekwe lapho kulayishwa futhi kuncibilikiswa usawoti oqinile. Ukwakheka okungekuhle kungaholela ekulimaleni kwebhodwe lesifudumezi noma ishubhu lomlilo lapho uhlelo luqalwa ezimeni ezibandayo.
Izifudumezi zokugeza usawoti zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuvuselela ukushisa kwegesi ekusetshenzisweni kwe-molecular sieve, nakuba zifaneleka kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga imiklamo elula yesistimu yokushisa engaqondile kanye namandla okushisa aphezulu okusebenza.
Ukonga imali ngosawoti oncibilikisiwe
Isitoreji sikasawoti esincibilikisiwe sisebenza kahle kakhulu kunokugcinwa kwebhethri ngoba kuphela u-70% wamandla asetshenziselwa ukushisa usawoti aguqulwa abuyele kugesi, kuyilapho amabhethri engafinyelela ukusebenza kahle okukhulu kuno-90%. Ubuchwepheshe bokugcina amandla bunikwe amandla usawoti oncibilikisiwe otholwe kusetshenziswa amasistimu okuthola amandla aphezulu asetshenziselwa ukuthola izinto ezintsha. Ukugcinwa kwamandla kuba okubaluleke kakhulu njengoba ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zokukhiqiza eziguquguqukayo kwandisa imithombo yamandla njengelanga nomoya.
Isitoreji samandla esishibhile futhi ingenza inethiwekhi iqine futhi isebenze kahle, ukunikeza izinkampani zikagesi ukuguquguquka okwengeziwe ukukhiqiza nokusabalalisa ugesi. Ochwepheshe benethiwekhi engqungqutheleni ye-ARPA-E bathi ukugcinwa kwamandla kubalulekile ekuhlelweni kabusha kwegridi emashumini eminyaka ezayo, kodwa izindlela zamanje zokugcina amanzi zisebenza kuphela ezimweni ezithile futhi zithatha indawo enkulu kakhulu.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nosawoti oncibilikisiwe wokugcina amandla.