Sonke siyazi ukuthi ugesi ukhiqizwa ezimbonini zikagesi. Okungakhulunywa ngakho kakhulu ukuthuthwa kwamandla kagesi. Ukuthutha ngogesi kuvumela ukudluliswa kwamandla akhiqizwa izimboni ezikhungweni zokusebenzisa. Ngamanye amazwi, yindlela ugesi ohamba ngayo ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwane uya kwesinye.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi yini ukuthuthwa kwamandla kagesi, ukuthi kwenziwa kanjani nokuthi kubaluleke ngani.
Ukuthuthwa kwamandla kagesi
Amandla kagesi adluliswa ngezintambo zokudlulisa amandla kagesi aphezulu, okuthi kanye neziteshi ezincane zakha inethiwekhi yokudlulisela. Ukudlulisa ugesi ngokulahleka kwamandla okuncane ngangokunokwenzeka, kuyadingeka ukwandisa izinga layo le-voltage. Imigqa yokudlulisa noma imigqa yamandla kagesi aphezulu yenziwe ngezinto zokuqhuba (ithusi noma i-aluminium) nezinto ezisekelayo (imibhoshongo yamandla kagesi aphezulu). Lezi, uma amandla azo enethiwekhi yokusabalalisa encishisiwe, ahambisa ugesi ebangeni elide.
Inethiwekhi yokudlulisa i-meshed, okusho ukuthi wonke amaphuzu axhunywe komunye nomunye, futhi uma kukhona ingozi endaweni ethile, ukunikezwa kwamandla kuqinisekisiwe ngoba amandla angavela komunye umugqa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inethiwekhi yokudlulisela ilawulwa ukude, okungukuthi, amaphutha angabonwa futhi ahlukaniswe nesikhungo sokulawula.
Iyunithi yamandla kagesi aphezulu (AT) iphethe ukuthutha ugesi usuka embonini uyiswe esiteshini. Ngenxa yezizathu zokuphepha, amakhebuli kagesi aphezulu agqitshwa noma abekwe ezigxotsheni zikagesi emaphethelweni enkaba yedolobha.
Imithethonqubo isungula ukuthi noma iyiphi i-voltage engaphezu kuka-1 kV ibhekwa njenge-AT, nakuba izinkampani zikagesi zisungule omunye umehluko noma amahlelo:
- Izinsiza zokuhamba (isigaba esikhethekile): ukufakwa okunevoltheji enkulu noma elingana no-220 kV futhi enamandla kagesi aphansi ayingxenye yenethiwekhi yokudlulisela (isibonelo, eziqhingini, cabangela inethiwekhi engu-66 kV njengokudlulisa).
- Amanethiwekhi okusabalalisa amandla kagesi aphezulu (izigaba 1 no-2): ngaphansi kuka-220 kV nangaphezulu kuka-30 kV
- Inethiwekhi yokusabalalisa i-voltage emaphakathi (isigaba 3): phakathi kuka-30 kV no-1 kV.
Kulawulwa kuphi ukuthuthwa kwamandla kagesi?
Inethiwekhi yokudluliswa kwamandla iqukethe inethiwekhi yokuqala yokudlulisela kanye nenethiwekhi yokudlulisa amandla yesibili. Ngaphezu kokuhlukanisa ngokuya ngama-voltage ahlukene enethiwekhi ngayinye, inethiwekhi yokuqala yokudlulisa iphinde ihlanganise lokho okunye ukuxhumana kwamazwe ngamazwe futhi, lapho kufaneleka, ukuxhumana nohlelo lukagesi olungeyona indawo. Ezinye izimpahla zenethiwekhi, njengezakhiwo nezinye izakhi ezisizayo, zikagesi noma cha, nazo ziyingxenye yenethiwekhi yezokuthutha.
Ukuthuthwa kwamandla kagesi ikakhulukazi kulawula umkhakha kagesi eSahlukweni VI soMthetho 24/2013, wangomhla zingama-26 kuZibandlela, okusungula ukuthi yiziphi izinsiza ezizohlanganiswa kunethiwekhi, izidingo zokulawula uhlelo lokuhlanganisa inethiwekhi ukuze kuvunyelwe ukukhokhelwa kwezikhungo ezintsha ukuthi ziqashelwe futhi kufaka phakathi imisebenzi okufanele umthwali ayenze.
Ngokunjalo, mayelana nokuphepha, kuyadingeka futhi ukubalula uMthetho 21/1992, kaJulayi 16, Wezimboni, obeka ukuthi izindinganiso zokuphepha zizonquma izidingo zokufakwa, izibopho zomnikazi kanye nekhono lobuchwepheshe. Umthetho uphinde uchaze izici zezinhlangano ezilawulayo nezinhlangano okufanele zenze ukuhlola.
Kukho konke okushiwo ngenhla, kubalulekile ukucabangela i-Royal Decree 223/2008, ka-February 15, egunyaza ukulawulwa kwezimo zobuchwepheshe, kanye ne-Royal Decree 1955/2000, ka-December 1, ukusungula eminye imisebenzi yezokuthutha eyeqisayo phakathi.
Umthethonqubo ubeka ukuthi izinkampani ze-T&D zizoba nesibopho sokwenza, ukugcinwa nokuqinisekisa imigqa ezinayo, kanye nokugadwa kwemigqa yamandla kagesi okungeyona eyezinkampani ze-T&D, futhi umthetho udala izifaki zedijithali futhi izinkampani zokufaka.
Iyini i-Red Electrica de España?
Umthetho Womkhakha Kagesi usungula ukuthi i-Red Eléctrica de España, SA izofeza lo msebenzi njengowodwa osebenzisa izintambo futhi okwamanje ingumnikazi wazo zonke izintambo zamandla kagesi aphezulu. Kodwa-ke, umthetho uvumela uhulumeni ukuthi enze izikhungo zokuthutha zesibili, ngenxa yezimpawu zazo nemisebenzi, ephethwe ngabanikezeli bemvume ezindaweni ezithile.
Umnikazi wamasheya oyinhloko wenkampani yiGuotong Industrial Participation Company (SEPI), okuyinto ungumnikazi wamasheya angama-20%. Ama-80% asele athengiswa ngokukhululeka emakethe yamasheya. Izici ezihlukile zenkampani zilawulwa ngokuyinhloko nguMthetho 54/1997, kaNovemba 27, ikakhulukazi i-athikili yayo eyengeziwe 23.
Iholo lalo msebenzi lisekelwe kumingcele yenkokhelo egunyazwe Ikhomishini Kazwelonke Yezimakethe Nokuncintisana (CNMC). Kufanele futhi ilethe izinhlelo zokutshala izimali zonyaka kanye nezeminyaka eminingi ukuze zigunyazwe uhulumeni.
Yiziphi izigunyazo ezidingekayo ezindaweni zokuhamba?
Ukuqalisa, ukuguqulwa, ukudluliswa kanye nokuvalwa okuqinisekile kokufakwa kukagesi kungaphansi kokuthotshelwa kwangaphambili kwesimiso sokugunyazwa esisungulwe eMthethweni nasezinhlinzekweni zawo zokuthuthukisa.
Ukuze kugunyazwe ukuthuthwa, ukusatshalaliswa, ukukhiqizwa kanye nemigqa eqondile yamandla kagesi, umsunguli wawo kufanele afakazele ngokugcwele lokhu okulandelayo (i-athikili 53.4 yoMthetho 24/2013, ka-December 26):
- Izimo zobuchwepheshe nezokuphepha zokufakwa nezinto ezihambisana nazo.
- Ukuthobela ngokugcwele izimo zemvelo.
- Izici zendawo yokufaka.
- amandla ayo angokomthetho, ezobuchwepheshe nezomnotho kanye nezezimali ukuze enze umsebenzi.
Izigunyazo zinikezwa iziphathimandla ezinekhono endabeni ngaphandle kokubandlulula izimvume nezigunyazo ezidingekayo ngenxa yeminye imithethonqubo esebenzayo, ikakhulukazi leyo ehlobene nokuhlelwa kokusetshenziswa komhlaba kanye nemvelo. Ukuntuleka kwesixazululo esicacile kuzoba nemiphumela yokuxoshwa (isigaba sesi-3 esengeziwe soMthetho Womkhakha Kagesi).
Ngalo mqondo, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi, phakathi kweminye imithethonqubo, izinhlinzeko zalo mthetho zisungulwa ku-Royal Decree 1955/2000, ka-December 1, lapho imisebenzi yokuthutha, ukusatshalaliswa, ukuhweba, ukuhlinzeka kanye nenqubo yokufaka okugunyaziwe kwamandla kuyalawulwa.
Yiziphi izibopho zomthwali?
Umsebenzisi unesibopho sokuthuthukisa nokwandisa inethiwekhi yokudlulisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukugcinwa nokuthuthukiswa kwenethiwekhi emiswe ngaphansi kwamazinga afanayo futhi ahambisanayo. Phakathi kokunye, imisebenzi yabo ihlanganisa ukwenza izinhlelo zesondlo, ukusebenza ne abaphathi ukuhlola nokuqapha izinhlelo zokutshala izimali, ukuqinisekisa ukungacwasi, unikeze amalayisense okuxhuma noma ukhuthaze ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo zokudlulisa amandla.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthuthwa kwamandla kagesi.