Ukungcoliswa komoya kungenxa ye- izinguquko ezikhiqizwa emkhathini, eziyingozi ezintweni eziphilayo. Lolu hlobo lokungcola, kuya ngokuthi lukuphi, lubonwa njengolwendawo uma indawo yalo yethonya ikhawulelwe endaweni ethile noma eplanethi lapho imiphumela yayo ifinyelela kuwo wonke umhlaba.
Ukuvezwa kokungcola komoya kukhona kuzo zonke izindawo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni, futhi kungathinta bonke abantu ezimpilweni zethu zonke.
Izifundo eziningi kanye nokubuyekezwa okuhlelekile kuye kwahlukanisa ukungcoliswa komoya njengesizathu esivelele sokufa, okwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukusungulwa kwezinqubomgomo zekhwalithi yomoya emazweni. Kodwa-ke, ingxenye enkulu yabantu emhlabeni iyaqhubeka nokuhlala ezindaweni ezinekhwalithi yomoya engeyinhle.
I-Atmosphere idalelwe ukuvikela kusuka imisebe yelanga eyingozi (imisebe ye-ultraviolet) eya kubantu, ezilwaneni nasezitshalweni, ngasikhathi sinye lapho ingavumeli izakhi ezibalulekile ukuze ukudla kwazo kuhlakazeke. Badlala indima ebalulekile kulokho kuvikelwa umoya-mpilo ne-ozone
Izimbangela zokungcola komoya
Izici zemvelo
Umuntu akafanele asolwe njalo, kwesinye isikhathi izimbangela zokungcola komoya zingabangelwa izici zemvelo:
Umlotha nokukhishwa izintaba-mlilo.
Intuthu namagesi avela emlilweni ongavunyelwe.
Iziphepho zothuli
Tshala izinhlamvu kanye nempova.
Isici somuntu
Ngeshwa, isikhathi esiningi izinkinga zidalwa yithi uqobo. Singakwazi ukuhlukanisa ezinye zezimbangela zokungcola komoya kudalwe ngumuntu (anthropogenic) kanje:
Ukungcola okuvela ezimotweni zikaphethiloli
I-Carbon monoxide (CO), i-nitrogen oxides (NOx) nemikhiqizo ephuma phambili (i-tetraethyl lead) ukwandisa i-octane.
Ukungcola okuvela ezimotweni a udizili (amaloli namabhasi)
Lokhu kubangela intuthu eminyene, ama-hydrocarbon angashiswanga (i-HC), ama-nitrogen oxides kanye ne-sulfur dioxide esesibabule esiqukethwe uphethiloli.
Ama-heater ngamalahle.
Izinto ezingcolisa isulfure dioxide, impukane yomlotha, umusi, izinsimbi ezisindayo nama-nitrogen oxides.
Ama-heater ngodizili noma ngodizili
I-SO2, i-SO3, i-NOx, ama-hydrocarbon angaguquki angaguquki nezinhlayiya ze-carbonaceous.
Ama-heater ngokungcoliswa kwegesi yemvelo okunganakwa.
Ukungcola okukhishwe yimboni
Izitshalo zamandla ezishisayo zokukhiqiza ugesi. sebenzisa uwoyela kaphethiloli namalahle okhulisa umlotha, isikhutha, i-nitrogen oxides, izinsimbi ezisindayo nesibabule (i-sulfur dioxide)
Izimbangela zokungcola komoya zingahlukaniswa ngo:
Ukungcola okuyinhloko
Izinto ezinobungozi ezikhishelwa ngqo emkhathini ziyizinto ezingcolisa umoya eziyinhloko.
I-Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Ngugesi onembangela enkulu kakhulu ye- ukufudumala kwezwe kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-greenhouse effect. Kusuka ekushiseni kwamalahle, uwoyela negesi yemvelo. Ezingxenyeni eziphakeme kunobuthi futhi kungadala ukufa.
I-Carbon monoxide (CO)
Kungenxa yokusha okungaphelele kwamafutha afana nophethiloli, uwoyela nezinkuni zokubasa. Lapho iphefumulelwa, idluliselwa egazini, lapho ivimbela khona ukulethwa komoya-mpilo. Ngezilinganiso ezincane kuzwakala njengokukhathala, ukuphathwa yikhanda nesiyezi futhi ngesilinganiso esikhulu kungabulala
AmaChlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Isetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zefriji ezifana nezipholisi zomoya. Lawa magesi afinyelela ku-stratosphere futhi anesibopho se- ukuncipha kongqimba lwe-ozone.
Ukungcola komoya okuyingozi (HAP)
Yize ukuphuma kwazo kudlula emkhathini, kuyadingeka ukuzihlukanisa njengezimbangela zalokho ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali. Zingadala umdlavuza, ukuphazamiseka kwemizwa, ukungasebenzi kahle nokufa
Hola
Kuyinsimbi enobuthi kakhulu, empeleni, ngaphambi kokuba amapayipi amanzi enziwe ngale nto okwamanje asetshenziswa ngethusi. Ukuqhamuka okuvela ku- uwoyela uyadla Babeyiphesenti eliphakeme kakhulu lobuthi obancishiswa ngokwengxenye ngalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-catalysts, kepha kusenemikhiqizo enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwalokhu, upende, amabhethri, udayi, njll. Umkhiqizo yi-carcinogenic
Ama-nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Imbangela yentuthu (inkungu nentuthu) (i-nitrogen oxides enezakhi eziguquguqukayo zemvelo. Imbangela iziyaluyalu ezijwayelekile zokuphefumula) kanye nembangela yemvula ene-asidi (ilimaza izimila namanzi emachibini nasemifuleni, isuse amabhaktheriya angukudla kwezinhlanzi) .Kwenziwa ukushiswa kukaphethiloli, amalahle namanye amafutha.
Isulfure dioxide (SO2)
Idalwe ngokushisa kwamalahle, imbangela yemvula nentuthu ene-asidi. Ihlobene ne-sulfuric acid, ibuye idale ukuphazamiseka kokuphefumula.
Izinhlayiyana
Udaba oluqinile ekumisweni lubanga izifo ezahlukahlukene zokuphefumula.
Amakhemikhali we-Volatile Organic (VOC)
Ziyizimbangela zokungcola kwamakhemikhali okuhamba emkhathini. Zikhipha umusi kalula (uphethiloli, i-benzene, i-toluene, i-xylene ne-perchlorethylene. I-Benzene inemiphumela ye-carcinogenic.
Ukungcoliswa kwesibili
Azisakazeki ngqo emkhathini, kepha zidinga ukwenziwa kwamakhemikhali:
- Ukungcola kwe-Photochemical
- Ukwehliswa kobukhulu besendlalelo se-ozone
- Ukuqina kokuphakathi
Imiphumela yokungcola komoya
Izifo kubantu:
Isifuba somoya, i-emphysema, i-bronchitis, umdlavuza wamaphaphu.
Kunemiphumela eminingi yesikhashana neyesikhathi eside ukungcoliswa komoya okungaba nayo empilweni yabantu. Ngempela, ukungcoliswa komoya emadolobheni kwandisa ingozi yezifo ezinzima zokuphefumula, njenge-pneumonia, nesifo esingelapheki, njengomdlavuza wamaphaphu nesifo senhliziyo.
Ukungcoliswa komoya kuthinta amaqembu ahlukene abantu ngezindlela ezahlukene. Imiphumela emibi kakhulu kwenzeka kubantu asebevele begula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqembu asengozini enkulu, njengezingane, asebekhulile, kanye nemindeni ehola kancane enokufinyelela okulinganiselwe ekunakekelweni kwezempilo isengozini enkulu yemiphumela eyingozi yalesi simo.
Yesikhumba.
Ukungcoliswa komoya kunomthelela oqondile kwezempilo futhi ikakhulukazi emaphashini. Kuyingozi kakhulu esikhunjeni futhi kubukeka kukhiqiza ukuguga kwesikhumba, ukoma kwesikhumba, ukukhula kwezinduna, ukonakala kwempahla yeselula, njll.
Imiphumela esikhunjeni ziningi: uphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni, ungcolile, ucasuke kalula. Kepha isikhumba ngasinye sihlukile futhi ngeke sisabele ngendlela efanayo kuzingcolisi, ukumuncwa kwesikhumba kuya ngomthamo waso wokumunca izimo zangaphandle (izinga lokushisa, inkomba yomswakama). Izinto ezingcolisa umoya zibuye zenze ama-radicals amahhala angaba yingxenye yokuguga kwesikhumba. Ezinye izifundo zesayensi ziveze nemiphumela emibi yokungcola kwefayela le- inkomba ye-hydration kanye nokususwa ngokweqile ngokweqile. Isikhumba singalahlekelwa ukuguquguquka nokukhanya.
Okokusebenza:
Ukuguguleka kwezinto zokwakha
Ezitshalweni:
Iphazamisa i-photosynthesis.
Ukuqothulwa kwezinhlobo zezitshalo kunquma ukwehla kwenani lomoya-mpilo okhiqizwa yi-photosynthesis, okuthinta amaketanga okudla. Imifino yizinto ezikhiqiza izinto eziphilayo kanye nokudla emiphakathini yezinto eziphilayo; ngakho-ke, ukuntuleka kwezimbali kuthinta intuthuko yempilo.
Ezemvelo:
Intuthu evela emadolobheni amakhulu
Amadolobha amabi kakhulu maqondana nentuthu yilawo angajatshuliswa yimimoya engapheli futhi enamandla, okuvamise ukuba yilezo ezisezigodini ezivaliwe, eduze nogu, njll. Izibonelo zamadolobha ane-smog engapheli yiSantiago de Chile, eChile; EMexico City, eMexico; E-Los Angeles United States; ILondon eNgilandi. ISantiago neMexico banenkinga yokuvalelwa, futhi abakhukhulwa yimimoya enamandla. Zitholakala phezulu phezulu, bese umoya obandayo ugcina intuthu iboshelwe.
ILondon yahlushwa kakhulu ngumusi esikhathini esedlule, kepha izimiso ezahlukahlukene zazithuthukisa umoya ngokuvimbela izimboni, zakha izindawo ezingenantuthu, zivimbela ukungena ku indawo yedolobha lezimoto, Njll
ILos Angeles ingukucindezeleka okuzungezwe izintaba, okusho ukuthi intuthu ayikwazi ukubaleka. Ukungasho ukuthi ngelinye lamadolobha angcolisa kakhulu.
Inkinga yomusi eChina
Inkinga yemvelo ku Asia, noma ikakhulukazi eChina ifinyelela emazingeni angakaze abonwe ngaphambili. Amadolobha amakhulu asuka kwesinye isexwayiso esibomvu esiya kwesilandelayo, intuthu iqhubekela phambili njengesiphepho sesihlabathi, ukuthengiswa kwamamaski kukhule kakhulu, futhi kwenzeka okufanayo nangokugxeka uhulumeni. Kepha sisuka lapha singazibuza, Kungani lokhu kwenzeka? Isizathu sihlanganisa izinto eziningi, kusuka kwezimboni kanye nomfutho, kuya kwezwe.
Ngeshwa sekuyisithombe esivame kakhulu: IBeijing, inhlokodolobha yaseChina, imbozwe yintuthu. Iziphathimandla zihlole izinketho eziningi. Ukuvinjelwa okuqondile, imvula yokufakelwa, ama-drones ... akukho okubonakala kusebenza. Inkinga ukuthi awukho umqondo omkhulu ekuhlaseleni i-foci ngayinye. Ukungcola kudinga ukubumbana, futhi isikhathi esilahlekile, intengo ekhokhwa ngabantu iyanda.
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu
Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuyinkinga enkulu kakhulu futhi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi isintu sibhekene nanamuhla. Kusukela kwafika inguquko yezimboni kanye nokushiswa kwamafutha ezimbiwa ekukhiqizweni kukagesi nasekuthuthweni, amagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini, kufaka ne-CO, ande kakhulu.2 nemethane.
UThomas stocker, isazi semvelo e-University of Bern eSwitzerland futhi ongomunye wababhali abahamba phambili bemibiko yakamuva ebhalwe ngu IPCC (I-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), iqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izinqumo eziphathelene namandla esizenzayo namuhla zizosithinta esikhathini esizayo esingekude kakhulu. Namuhla kulahlwa izigidi zamathani we-CO2 emkhathini ngenxa yokushisa uwoyela, amalahle noma igesi nangenxa yokuqothulwa kwamahlathi. Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, ukuminyana kwamagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini aphakeme kakhulu eminyakeni engama-800.000 edlule.
Umphumela wokushisa
Amagesi ahlukene anomthwalo wemfanelo abamba iqhaza elingaphezulu noma elingaphansi ku umphumela abamba ukushisa ngamandla ayo okushisa nangesikhathi sokuphila kwayo. Ngale ndlela, ngisho namagesi akhishwa ngamanani amancane angaqinisa ngokucacile nangokuqinile umthelela wokushisa kwendlu.
Imvula ye-asidi
Lezi zimvula ezine-asidi ziveza ngokukhethekile i- ukubhujiswa emikhulu amahlathi ama-conifers. Ngokusho kokubona, izihlahla ziyabuna, kufaka phakathi inhlabathi nezimbali zenhlabathi okukhona kakhulu i-asidi. Ezingeni lezihlahla, amaqabunga aphenduka aphuzi, abe nombala ongajwayelekile futhi ekugcineni agcine elahlekelwa amaqabunga ngokuphelele.
Amachibi athile atholakala endaweni enamakristalu abone ukuthi i-asidi yawo inyuka kakhulu, kangangokuba amachibi athile aseScandinavia angayeka ukuvuselelwa ngenxa izimvula acidic ukuthi bahlupheka esikhathini esedlule. Ekugcineni, izimvula ezine-asidi zihlasela ngokuqinisekile izinsimbi futhi kubangele ukuguguleka kwezakhiwo.
Ukuqedwa kongqimba lwe-ozone
Ungqimba lwe-ozone luyibhande legesi yemvelo ye-ozone etholakala phakathi kwamakhilomitha ayi-15 nengama-30 ngaphezu koMhlaba njengokungathi a isivikelo emisebeni eyingozi ye-ultraviolet B likhishwa yilanga.
I-ozone iyimolekyuli esebenza kakhulu equkethe ama-athomu amathathu e-oxygen. Ihlala yakhiwa njalo futhi iyahlukana emkhathini ongaphezulu, amakhilomitha ayi-10 - 50 ngaphezulu koMhlaba, endaweni ebizwa stratosphere.
Njengamanje, kunokukhathazeka okubanzi ukuthi ungqimba lwe-ozone luyawohloka ngenxa yokukhishwa kokungcola okuqukethe amakhemikhali i-chlorine ne-bromine. Ukuwohloka okunjalo kuvumela inani elikhulu lemisebe ye-ultraviolet B ukuthi ifinyelele eMhlabeni, engadala umdlavuza wesikhumba kanye nolwelwesi kubantu futhi ilimaze izilwane.
Izixazululo ezingaba khona?
Yize kuliqiniso ukuthi izixazululo zokumisa i- ukungcoliswa komoya Kumele babe nokuxhaswa yizikhungo zomhlaba wonke kanye nohulumeni basekhaya, kuyiqiniso futhi ukuthi, njengezakhamizi, singenza iminikelo ebalulekile engasiza, kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo:
Ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwemfucuza, imikhiqizo nezinto zokwakha.
Ngale ndlela, sivimbela ukufunwa kwezinto ukuthi zande futhi amafektri, wona, ekukhiqizeni amayunithi amasha. Umthelela wezemvelo uzoba mncane.
Ukusetshenziswa kwebhayisikili
Noma ezinye izindlela zokuhamba futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ezingangcolisi imvelo.
Kusetshenziswa kahle.
Ngokwamukela imikhuba yokusebenzisa kahle njengokuthenga imikhiqizo ye-Fair Trade noma ukonga ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, sizoqinisekisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwethu Okungenakugwemeka- kunomthelela omncane kakhulu emhlabeni nakithi.
Ukwakhiwa kwengadi yasemadolobheni.
Singazikhulisa futhi ukudla kwethu ekhaya, kusuka indlela yemvelo futhi ngaphandle kokushintsha imijikelezo yemvelo yendawo esisebenza kuyo.
Izixazululo ezingaba khona zokuphatha
Yenza ifayili le- izithuthi zomphakathi.
Ukubeka okwejwayelekile njengama-tolls ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni.
Ukwehlisa isidingo se- ukuhamba phakathi kwabahlali bayo, ngamaphrojekthi amasha asezindaweni zasemadolobheni.
Ukwandisa izindawo eziluhlaza nezingadi.
Eqinisweni ukuthambekela kwakamuva kungukuthi izingadi eziqondileamabhilidi amade afakelwe izihlahla nezitshalo, amunca inani elikhulu lesikhutha, enza isihlungi esihle kakhulu sokungcola nokukhiqiza umoya-mpilo
Thuthukisa izakhiwo ezihlakaniphile
Kungaba nomthetho omusha, noma ngezinsizakalo. Kubalulekile ukukhuthaza ukusimama kokubili ezakhiweni ezintsha nezindala.
Njengamanje lokhu akubizi, kepha izakhiwo ezintsha ezihlakaniphile ezakhiwa emhlabeni jikelele zinomqondo wokuthi ukwazi ukuzimela noma okungenani ube nomthelela ophansi kakhulu emvelweni. Ezinye zezakhiwo ezakhiwe namuhla zingagcina amanzi emvula asetshenziselwe izindlu zangasese futhi agcine inkambiso uqobo ipholile, kunamawindi avumela ukukhanya okwengeziwe ukungena ekunciphiseni ukusetshenziswa kwamandla futhi manje, ngenxa yamapaneli amasha anokumbozwa okukhethekile, lezi zakhiwo zingakwazi ukumunca ukungcola komoya bese uyiguqula ibe yimfucuza engenabungozi
Ukusebenzisa i-asphalt ekhethekile lokho kumunca okunye ukungcola njengoNoxer.
Amabhulokhi eNoxer angamabhulokhi odaka lukasimende ngesendlalelo esincanyana esingu-5-7 mm se-titanium (IV) oxide, esisebenza njengesihlanganisi esikhulu. I-Titanium (IV) oxide iyi-photocatalyst esebenzisa ukukhanya kwelanga ukuncela ama-nitrogen oxides kungcolisa kakhulu (NO no NO2) kuma-nitrate angenabungozi agezwa kusuka egandayiwe ngamanzi emvula.
Lapho i-titanium dioxide ivezwa kuyo imisebe ye-ultraviolet evela ekukhanyeni kwelanga, ithatha imisebe futhi ibangele ukuthakazelisa ngogesi.
Amabhulokhi eNoxer angene esikhundleni sendlela egandaywe ngamadolobha angamashumi amathathu eJapan, lapho aqala khona ukuhlolwa khona Osaka ngo-1997. Namuhla zingatholakala edolobheni laseWestwinster, (eLondon).
Amabhulokhi eNoxer asiza ukunciphisa amazinga okungcola asevele ancipha ukuhlasela kwentuthu.
ISIQEPHU ESIBALULEKILE UKUSEBENZA KAKHULU KANYE NOSIZO OLUKHULU,