Uwoyela ngumthombo wemvelo osuse umhlaba selokhu watholakala. Lokhu ikwenza kusukela ngo-1800, maphakathi nenguquko yezimboni. Uma nje kukhona ubuchwepheshe obudinga ukuba khona kwabo, buzoqhubeka nokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside. Kunobunye ubuchwepheshe njengamandla avuselelekayo, kepha namanje abakwazi ukuncintisana namafutha. Kunabantu abaningi abangazi ukhishwa kanjani uwoyela futhi iyini imiphumela yako. Ingenye yezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi ezingcolisa kakhulu kuwo wonke umlando. Azisetshenziswanga kuphela ukushiswa kwenjini yimoto yokuhamba, kepha ukwenziwa kwezinto ezahlukahlukene. Umhlaba kucatshangwa ukuthi udla imiphongolo kawoyela eyizigidi ezingama-88 nsuku zonke, okulingana nenani lamalitha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-14.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi uwoyela ukhishwa kanjani, yiziphi izici zawo futhi iyini imiphumela yalokhu.
Ukhishwa kanjani uwoyela
Uwoyela uyinhlanganisela engamanzi evuthayo yama-hydrocarbon namanye ama-organic compounds, atholakala kuphela ekwakhekeni kwe-geological eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbalwa ngaphansi komhlaba. Kungumphumela wezinsalela zezinto eziphilayo ezifana ne-zooplankton ne-algae., ezazibekwa phansi olwandle noma emachibini izigidi zeminyaka edlule futhi zagcinwa njengezinsalela. Ngenxa yokushisa nengcindezi, sebenezinqubo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali izigidi zeminyaka. Kwezinye izindawo lapho itshe livuleka khona, liphakama phezulu, kepha livame ukubambeka ngaphansi komhlaba enkanjini kawoyela.
Uwoyela ubusetshenziswa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, kodwa i-distillation yokuqala kwakuwukwenza uphalafini. Yenziwe nguScotsman James Young ngo-1840. Ngokuyinhloko yaqala ukusetshenziswa njengophethiloli womlilo. Kusukela kulokhu, ama-distillers ezimboni aqala ukuvela. Kwakungu-Edwin Drake owagela umthombo wokuqala kawoyela ePennsylvania ngo-1859.
Kunezindlela eziningi zokuthola izinkambu zikawoyela, ikakhulukazi ngokutadisha i-geology yendawo. Izazi zokwakheka komhlaba yizazi ezicwaninga ngesakhiwo sangaphakathi somhlaba futhi zingahlulela ukuthi indawo ethile ilungele ukwakheka kukawoyela ngokubheka ubuso bomhlaba. Ngakho-ke, ngokwazi ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lokwakheka kwamadwala olungenzeka kakhulu ukufuna uwoyela, kwenziwa izivivinyo ezahlukahlukene, ezingabandakanya ukuqhuma komhlaba, bese kufundwa amagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba okwenziwe ukuqhuma, okuzosivumela ukuthi sazi ukuthi kuyini ngempela .
Ngale ndlela, kwakheka umthombo kawoyela. Umthombo wenziwa ngokumba umgodi omude ekwakhekeni kwejoloji emkhakheni kawoyela. Emgodini ombiwe ngumshini okhethekile, kubekwa ipayipi lensimbi elihlinzeka ngobuqotho besakhiwo emthonjeni. Ebusweni bemishini kubekwe uchungechunge lwama-valve, avame ukubizwa ngokuthi izihlahla zikaKhisimusi futhi anomthwalo wokulawula ingcindezi nokulawula ukuhamba kukawoyela.
Izici zendawo yokukhipha
Kukhona ingcindezi eyanele endaweni yokukhipha. Uma izimbobo sezibholile, uwoyela uzozimela. Kodwa-ke, inqobo nje uma kunengcindezi lokhu kuyaqhubeka ukwenzeka futhi, njengoba izinqolobane zingabi nalutho, ingcindezi iqala ukwehla. Ngakho-ke, isigaba sesibili siyaqala, okuyi iphoqa uwoyela ukuthi uphume futhi ifake ingcindezi eyengeziwe echibini. Lokhu kufezwa ngokujova amanzi, umoya, isikhutha, negesi yemvelo.
Lapho ingcindezi isenganele, noma ufuna ukuthola uwoyela ngokushesha ngasizathu simbe, konke okumele ukwenze ukufudumeza uwoyela ukunciphisa i-viscosity yawo futhi ukwenze ukhuphuke ngokushesha futhi kube lula. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokujova umusi ethangini. Imvamisa, ukuze kungenzi ukukhishwa kubize kakhulu, kwenziwa yi ukuzalwa. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwemishini kagesi yokukhiqiza ugesi kusuka kugesi okhishwe emthonjeni.
Igesi lisetshenziselwa ukusebenzisa amayunithi wokumpompa uwoyela kwesinye isikhathi ngisho namaphampu asetshenziselwa ukusheshisa ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela. Ngasikhathi sinye, njengomkhiqizo ovelayo, kukhiqizwa ukushisa, okuphendulwa kube umusi bese kuyiswa echibini ukuze kunikezwe ingcindezi nokushisa.
Ukhishwa kanjani uwoyela: izindawo zokuhlushwa okukhulu kakhulu
Yize kunezindawo zokugcina uwoyela ezindaweni eziningi emhlabeni jikelele, kusobala ukuthi kufanele ubheke izindawo lapho ukuhlushwa kuphakeme kakhulu khona. Izizwe ezinkulu ezikhiqiza uwoyela emhlabeni yiSaudi Arabia, iRussia kanye ne-United States. U-80% kawoyela osetshenzisiwe namuhla uvela eMiddle East, ikakhulukazi iSaudi Arabia, i-Union of the United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Qatar neKuwait.
Ochwepheshe bacabanga ukuthi izinqolobane zikawoyela emhlabeni sezivele zidlulile kwinani lazo eliphakeme ngo-2010. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, basezinhlelweni zokunyamalala ngesilinganiso esingu-7% ngonyaka. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amadamu amadala njengamanje ahlala amashumi eminyaka kuphela uma ukusetshenziswa kuhlala kuhlala kuzinzile. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa okungeziwe kuyanda unyaka nonyaka, ngaphandle kwemizamo yokukhiqiza eminye imithombo yamandla.
Imiphumela yokukhipha uwoyela
Njengoba ungalindela, kunemiphumela enamandla yemvelo evela ekuxhashazweni kukawoyela. Ukuthi ukhishwa kanjani uwoyela nakho kuthinta. Omunye wemiphumela ephambili ye- ukukhishwa kukawoyela ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke okuhlupheka umhlaba. Futhi kungukuthi ushintsho olukhulu esimweni sezulu luyenzeka kuzo zonke izifunda zomhlaba. Imvelaphi yalokhu kukhuphuka kwamazinga okushisa ivela ekushayweni kwamagesi abamba ukushisa, ikakhulukazi isikhutha.
Iningi lesikhutha lifakwa emkhathini ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwamafutha atholakala kuphethiloli asetshenziselwa ukushisa izimoto zokuhamba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kukagesi ezitshalweni zamandla ezishisayo. Indlela okukhishwa ngayo uwoyela kungcolisa kakhulu, ngoba uwoyela awunakuhlanzwa kalula. Kumele sikuqonde ukuthi ayincibiliki emanzini, ngakho-ke ingabhubhisa zonke izilwane nezitshalo zesifunda.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi uwoyela ukhishwa kanjani nokuthi yiziphi izici zawo.