Kunezindlela eziningi zokukhiqiza amandla kuya ngohlobo lukaphethiloli esiwasebenzisayo nendawo noma indlela esetshenziselwe wona. Izitshalo ezivamile zamandla kagesi ezishisayo zibizwa nangokuthi izitshalo ezisebenzisa ugesi futhi zisebenzisa izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi ukukhiqiza ugesi. Abantu abaningi abazi kahle siyini isitshalo samandla esishisayo.
Ngakho-ke, sizonikezela le ndatshana ukukutshela ukuthi siyini isitshalo samandla esishisayo, ziyini izici zaso nokuthi awukhiqiza kanjani amandla kagesi.
Siyini isitshalo samandla esishisayo
Izitshalo zamandla kagesi ezishisayo ezijwayelekile, ezaziwa nangokuthi izitshalo ezivamile zikagesi, zisebenzisa izinto zokubasa (igesi yemvelo, amalahle noma uwoyela kaphethiloli) ukukhiqiza ugesi ngomjikelezo womhwamuko wamanzi oshisayo. Igama elithi "ezivamile" lisetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa kwezinye izitshalo zamandla ezishisayo, njengesiyingi esihlanganisiwe noma izitshalo zamandla enuzi. Izitshalo zamandla ezishisayo zendabuko zakhiwa ngezinto eziningi ezingaguqula izinto zokubasa zibe ugesi. Izingxenye zayo eziyinhloko yilezi:
- Ubhayela: Isikhala esiguqula amanzi abe umusi ngokusebenzisa amandla omlilo kaphethiloli. Kule nqubo, amandla amakhemikhali aguqulwa abe amandla ashisayo.
- Amakhoyili: ipayipi lapho amanzi ajikeleza khona aphenduke umusi. Phakathi kwabo, ukushintshana kokushisa kwenzeka phakathi kwegesi yokuthambisa namanzi.
- Umphunga ophendulwa: Umshini oqoqa umhwamuko wamanzi, ngenxa yohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokucindezela nokushisa, i-eksisi edlula lapho iyahamba. Lolu hlobo lwe-turbine imvamisa lunemizimba eminingana, umfutho ophakeme, ingcindezi ephakathi kanye nengcindezi ephansi yokusebenzisa kakhulu umhwamuko wamanzi.
- Umkhiqizi: Umshini oqoqa amandla kagesi owenziwe nge-shaft ye-turbine bese uyiguqula ibe amandla kagesi ngokungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic. Isitshalo samandla siguqula amandla kagesi womshini kusigaba samanje esishintshashintshayo esinezigaba ezintathu. I-generator ixhunywe emigodini edlula emizimbeni ehlukene.
Ukusebenza kwesitshalo samandla esishisayo
Esitshalweni samandla esishisayo sendabuko, uphethiloli uyashiswa kubhayela ukuze kukhiqizwe amandla ashisayo okushisa amanzi, aguqulwa abe yisitimu ngomfutho omkhulu kakhulu. Lesi sitimu bese siphendulela i-turbine enkulu, eguqula amandla okushisa abe ngamandla womshini, okuyi Ibuye iguqulwe ibe amandla kagesi kwenye i-alternator. Ugesi udlula kwi-transformer ekhulisa amandla ayo futhi ivumele ukuthi idluliswe, ngaleyo ndlela inciphise ukulahleka ngenxa yomphumela weJoule. Umusi oshiya i-turbine uthunyelwa ku-condenser, lapho uguqulwa ube ngamanzi bese ubuyiselwa kubhayela ukuqala umjikelezo omusha wokukhiqizwa kwe-steam.
Akunandaba nophethiloli owusebenzisayo, ukusebenza kwesikhungo samandla esishisayo sendabuko kuyafana. Kodwa-ke, kunomehluko phakathi kokuphathwa kukaphethiloli nokuklanywa kwesitofu sebhayela.
Ngakho-ke, uma isitshalo sikagesi sisebenza emalahleni, uphethiloli kufanele ucindezelwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Esitshalweni samafutha uphethiloli uyashiswa, kanti esitshalweni segesi yemvelo uphethiloli ufika ngqo ngepayipi legesi, ngakho-ke asikho isidingo sokulondolozwa kwangaphambili. Endabeni yedivayisi yokuxuba, kusetshenziswa ukwelashwa okuhambisanayo kuphethiloli ngamunye.
Imithelela kwezemvelo
Izitshalo zamandla ezishisayo zendabuko zithinta imvelo ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukukhipha imfucuza emkhathini nangokudlulisa ukushisa. Esimweni sokuqala, ukushiswa kukaphethiloli kuzokhiqiza izinhlayiya ezigcina zingene emkhathini, ezingalimaza imvelo yoMhlaba. Ngalesi sizathu, lezi zinhlobo zezitshalo zinoshimela abade ukuthi zingasabalalisa lezi zinhlayiya futhi endaweni yazo zinciphise umthelela wazo omubi emoyeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitshalo zamandla ezishisayo zendabuko nazo zinezihlungi zezinhlayiyana, ezingabamba iningi lazo futhi zivimbele ukuphuma ngaphandle.
Endabeni yokudlulisa ukushisa, izitshalo zamandla ezijikelezo ezivulekile zingadala imifula nolwandle. Ngenhlanhla, lo mphumela ungaxazululwa ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lwefriji ukupholisa amanzi ezingeni lokushisa elifanele imvelo.
Izitshalo zamandla kagesi ezishisayo zikhiqiza ukungcola okunhlobonhlobo okuyingozi ngokomzimba nangokwamakhemikhali, okunomthelela omubi empilweni yomuntu. Imiphumela emibi emzimbeni womuntu ibonakala esikhathini esifushane, esiphakathi nesikhathi eside, ukuthuthukisa kanye nokukhipha imiphumela yokungcola okwakukhona ngaphambili. Umthelela ongemuhle empilweni yomuntu ungabandakanya izifo ezahlukahlukene, kusuka ezimeni ezimnene kuye kokubi kakhulu nokusongela impilo. Lokhu kungukungcola okuyinhloko:
- Okungcolisayo emzimbeni: Ukungcoliswa kwama-acoustic okubangelwa umsindo odalwe yile misebenzi kungadala ushintsho emzimbeni womuntu, olandela ngemuva kokuphazanyiswa kwesigqi semvelo sokulala. Izinto ezingcolisa ugesi, okungukuthi, imisebe kagesi eyenziwe ngokuthola nokusabalalisa ugesi, ikakhulu ikhiqiza ushintsho ezinhlelweni zezinzwa nezinhliziyo.
- Ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali: I-CO2, i-CO, i-SO2, izinhlayiya, i-ozone eshisayo, yandisa inani lezifo zokuphefumula nezenhliziyo, futhi yehlise amandla ethu okuvikela amasosha omzimba, amakhemikhali ayingozi (kusuka ku-arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, phosphorus, benzene , i-formaldehyde, i-naphthalene, i-toluene ne-pyrene. Noma zikhona ngobuningi bazo, ziyizinto eziyingozi kakhulu ngoba zingadala izifo ezibucayi nezihlala zikhona kubantu abavelele.
Isitshalo samandla esitimu
Izitshalo zamandla ka-Steam zibonakala ngokusetshenziswa kwamanzi noma olunye uketshezi, olusezigabeni ezimbili ezihlukene emjikelezweni womsebenzi, imvamisa iyindlela yesitimu noketshezi. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ubuchwepheshe obubhekwe ngabucayi buye bathandwa, okungaholeli kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-phase shift, obekuyinto eyayiyisici salokhu kufakwa esikhathini esedlule.
Lezi zitshalo zamandla ezishisayo zingahlukaniswa zibe izingxenye eziningana: izintambo zikagesi, ama-generator kagesi, ama-turbine kagesi kanye nama-condensers. Yize incazelo yesitshalo samandla esishisayo iqine kakhulu, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemijikelezo eshisayo zingabonwa ezihlangabezana nalezi zidingos, ikakhulukazi okuvame kakhulu umjikelezo weRankine nomjikelezo weHirn.
Ngaphambi kokungena kubhayela, amanzi okuphakelayo adlula esigabeni sokufudumeza nokucindezela. Eqinisweni, lapho ufaka kubhayela, kuneziqoqelezi eziningana zokushisa, okungukuthi, izifudumezi zokushisa, lapho umusi owandisiwe ushisa khona kancane noma ngokugcwele uketshezi olusebenzayo. Lokhu kuvumela amazinga okushisa aphezulu ukuthi angene ku-generator we-steam, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise ukusebenza kahle kwesitshalo.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi siyini isitshalo samandla esishisayo nezimpawu zaso.