Njengoba sazi, ukukhiqiza amandla wokubacindezela kufanele sichithe inani elikhulu lamanzi ngempophoma ukuze sihambise i-turbine. Enye yama-turbine asetshenziswa kakhulu ku-hydraulic energy yiyona I-Kaplan turbine. It is a hydraulic jet turbine that is used with gradients amancane kuze kube amashumi ambalwa amamitha. Ukugeleza kuhlala kudingeka kukhulu ukuze kukhiqizwe inani elikhulu lamandla.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi i-Kaplan turbine iqukethe ini, yiziphi izici zayo nokuthi isetshenziswa kanjani ukukhiqiza amandla we-hydraulic.
Uyini uphephela waseKaplan
I-hydraulic jet turbine esebenzisa ama-gradients amancane ukuphakama ukusuka kumamitha ambalwa kuya kumashumi ambalwa. Esinye sezici eziyinhloko ukuthi ngaso sonke isikhathi sisebenza ngamazinga wokugeleza okuphezulu. Kugeleza kusuka ku-200 kuye ku-300 cubic metres ngomzuzwana. Isetshenziselwa kabanzi ukukhiqizwa kwamandla we-hydraulic, lokhu kube uhlobo lwamandla avuselelekayo.
I-Kaplan turbine yasungulwa ngo-1913 nguProfesa Víktor Kaplan wase-Austrian. Luhlobo lwe-turbine ye-hydraulic emise okwe-propeller lapho inamakhaba angaqondiswa ekugelezeni kwamanzi okuhlukile. Siyazi ukuthi ukugeleza kwamanzi kuyehluka kuye ngobukhulu bevolumu. Ngokukwazi ukuba namakhaba ahlose ukugeleza kwamanzi, singakhuphula ukusebenza ngokukugcina kuphakeme kuze kube ngamazinga okugeleza ka-20-30% wokugeleza okuncane.
Into ejwayelekile kakhulu ukuthi le turbine iza ifakwe ngama-stator deflectors angaguquki asiza ukuhola ukugeleza kwamanzi. Ngale ndlela, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi kulungiselelwe. Ukusebenza kahle kukaphephela waseKaplan kungasetshenziselwa ukugeleza okubanzi ngokuya ngezidingo. Ngokufanelekile, i-turbine kufanele ilungiswe kusetshenziswa uhlelo lokuqondisa lapho sibeka khona i-stator deflectors lapho ukugeleza kuguquka. Asihlali sinamanzi afanayo ngaso sonke isikhathi ngoba sincike emvuleni nasezichibini zamanzi.
Lapho uketshezi lufinyelela kuphephela weKaplan, ngenxa yomsele omise okomoya, lisebenza ukondla wonke umjikelezo ngokuphelele. Lapho uketshezi selufinyelele ku-turbine ludlula kusabalalisi onikeza uketshezi ukujikeleza kwalo. Yilapho impeller inesibopho sokuchezukisa ukugeleza kwama-90 degrees ukuyibuyisela emuva nge-axially.
Izici eziyinhloko
Lapho sine-turbine ehambisa amandla siyazi ukuthi umthethonqubo awunalutho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-turbine ingasebenza ebangeni elithile kuphela, ngakho-ke umhambisi akakwazi ngisho nokuguquguquka. Ngomshini ophehla u-Kaplan sithola ukuma kwezinhlayiya zokuphephela ukujwayela ukugeleza kwamanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunyakaza kuvumelana nokugeleza kwamanje. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isilungiselelo ngasinye somsabalalisi sihambisana nomumo ohlukile wamakhasi. Ngenxa yalokhu, kungenzeka ukusebenza nge isivuno esiphezulu esifinyelela ku-90% ezinhlotsheni eziningi zamazinga okugeleza.
Inkambu yokusetshenziswa kwalawa ma-turbine ifinyelela amaconsi aphezulu wezindawo eziphakeme ezizungeze amamitha angama-80 futhi igelezela ezingeni lokugeleza kwamamitha ayi-cubic 50 ngomzuzwana. Lokhu kweqa kancane inkambu yokusetshenziswa kwe- Francis ephendulwa. Lokhu ophephela bafika kuphela ekwehleni kwamamitha ayi-10 futhi badlula ama-cubic metres angama-300 ngomzuzwana ngokugeleza.
Ukwenza ngcono ukukhiqizwa kwamandla we-hydraulic kujwayelekile kakhulu ukubona ama-Kaplan turbines. Yimishini yokuphehla ugesi esebenza ngokugcwele futhi iphendula kahle kunoma iluphi uketshezi olweqile. Ngenxa yalawa ma-turbine aqeda inani elikhulu lezindleko zokufaka ngoba le turbine ibiza kakhulu kune-propeller turbine kepha ukufakwa kusebenza kakhulu esikhathini esizayo.
Asebenza kanjani ama-turbine ku-hydropower
Uma sifuna ukugcina ukuphuma kwamandla njalo kokufakwa kwe-hydroelectric, ijubane le-turbine kufanele lihlale ligcinwa njalo. Siyazi ukuthi umfutho wamanzi uyehluka kuye ngezinga lokugeleza namandla okuwela kuwo. Kodwa-ke, ijubane le-turbine kufanele ligcinwe njalo kungakhathalekile lokhu kwehluka kwengcindezi. Ukuze uhlale uzinzile, kudingeka inani elikhulu lezilawuli kukho konke i-Francis turbine kanye ne-Kaplan turbine.
Ukufakwa kwamasondo ePelton kuvame ukwenziwa lapho ukugeleza kwamanzi kusizwa ukulawula ngokuvula nokuvala imibhobho ye-ejector. Lapho kukhona i-Kaplan turbine esikhungweni, kusetshenziswa umbhobho wokudonsa osizayo ukusiza ukuphambukisa izinguquko zamanje ezisheshayo eziteshini zokudonsa ezingakhuphula ingcindezi yamanzi kungazelelwe. Ngale ndlela siqinisekisa ukuthi ophephela bagcinwa njalo ngendlela engaguquguquki futhi abathinteki ekushintsheni kwengcindezi yamanzi. Lokhu kwanda kwengcindezi yamanzi kwaziwa njengezando zamanzi. Zingalimaza kakhulu izakhiwo.
Kodwa-ke, ngazo zonke lezi zilungiselelo, ukugeleza njalo kwamanzi ngemibhobho kugcinwa ukuze ukuhamba kwama-turbine blade kugcinwe kuzinzile. Ukugwema izando zamanzi, imibhobho yokukhipha ivaliwe kancane. Ama-turbine asetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwamandla we-hydraulic ayahluka ngokuya ngohlobo oluthile:
- Ngokuba ukweqa okukhulu namazinga okugeleza amancane Kusetshenziswa ophephela bakwaPelton.
- Kulabo amakhanda amancane kepha ngokugeleza okuphezulu Kusetshenziswa imishini yenjini kaFrancis.
- En izimpophoma ezincane kakhulu kodwa ezigeleza kakhulu Kusetshenziswa ama-Kaplan kanye ne-propeller turbines.
Izitshalo eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi zixhomeke enanini elikhulu lamanzi eliqukethwe kumadamu. Lokhu kugeleza kufanele kulawulwe futhi kungagcinwa cishe ngokungaguquguquki ukuze amanzi akwazi ukuhanjiswa ngemibhobho noma ngamapeni. Ukugeleza kulawulwa ngamaphayiphu ukuvumelanisa ukuhamba kwamanzi okudlula ku-turbine. Inani lamanzi avunyelwe ukudlula ku-turbine lincike ekufuneni kukagesi mzuzu ngamunye. Amanye amanzi aphuma ngemigudu yokukhipha.
Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngesizukulwane sakwaKaplan sikaphethiloli namandla kagesi.