Ukukhuluma ngamandla enuzi ukucabanga ngezinhlekelele zaseChernobyl naseFukushima ezenzeka ngo-1986 nango-2011, ngokulandelana. Luhlobo lwamandla olukhiqiza ukwesaba okuthile ngenxa yobungozi balo. Zonke izinhlobo zamandla (ngaphandle kwezinto ezivuselelekayo) zikhiqiza imiphumela yezemvelo nabantu, yize ezinye zikwenza kakhulu kunezinye. Kulokhu, amandla enuzi awakhiphi amagesi abamba ukushisa ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwawo, kepha lokhu akusho ukuthi awuthinti imvelo nabantu ngendlela engeyiyo. Kuningi izinzuzo nezinkinga zamandla enuzi futhi umuntu kufanele ahlole ngayinye yazo.
Ngakho-ke, kule ndatshana sizogxila ekuchazeni ukuthi yiziphi izinzuzo nezinkinga zamandla enuzi nokuthi uwuthinta kanjani umphakathi.
Uyini amandla enuzi
Into yokuqala yakho konke ukwazi ukuthi lolu hlobo lwamandla luyini. Amandla enyukliya amandla esiwathola ku-fission (division) noma fusion (inhlanganisela) yama-athomu akha leyo nto. Empeleni, Amandla enuzi esiwasebenzisayo atholakala ekubunjweni kwama-athomu e-uranium. Kepha hhayi noma iyiphi i-uranium. Esetshenziswa kakhulu yi-U-235.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ilanga eliphuma nsuku zonke liyisiphendukeli esikhulu se-fusion yenuzi esingakhiqiza amandla amaningi. Akunandaba ukuthi ihlanzekile futhi iphephe kangakanani, amandla afanele enuzi ukuxubana okubandayo. Ngamanye amagama, inqubo yokuhlangana, kepha izinga lokushisa lisondele ekamelweni lokushisa kunelokushisa okukhulu kwelanga.
Yize i-fusion icwaningwa, iqiniso ukuthi lolu hlobo lwamandla enuzi lubhekwa njengethiyori kuphela futhi akubonakali ukuthi sesiseduze nokulufeza. Kungakho amandla enuzi esihlale sizwa futhi ashiwo lapha kungukufakwa kwama-athomu e-uranium.
Izinzuzo nezinkinga zamandla enuzi
Izinzuzo
Yize inezincazelo ezingezinhle, umuntu akufanele ahlulelwe yizindaba ngisho namabhayisikobho ngezingozi nodoti wemisebe. Iqiniso ukuthi amandla enuzi anezinzuzo eziningi. Okubaluleke kakhulu yilokhu okulandelayo:
- Amandla enyukliya ahlanzekile kunqubo yawo yokukhiqiza. Eqinisweni, iningi lamandla enuzi akhipha umusi wamanzi ongenangozi emkhathini. Akuyona i-carbon dioxide noma i-methane, noma enye igesi engcolisayo noma igesi ebangela ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu.
- Izindleko zokukhiqizwa kwamandla ziphansi.
- Ngenxa yamandla amakhulu wamandla enuzi, inani elikhulu lamandla lingenziwa efektri eyodwa.
- Cishe ayipheli. Eqinisweni, abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi kufanele siyibeke njengamandla avuselelekayo, ngoba izinqolobane zamanje ze-uranium zingaqhubeka nokukhiqiza amandla afanayo njengamanje ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka.
- Isizukulwane sakhe asihlali njalo. Ngokungafani nemithombo eminingi yamandla evuselelekayo (njengamandla elanga angenakukhiqizwa ebusuku noma umoya ongenakwenziwa ngaphandle komoya), ukukhiqizwa kwawo kukhulu kakhulu futhi kuhlala kungaguquguquki amakhulu ezinsuku. Okweminyaka engama-90%, ngaphandle kwama-refill ahleliwe nokuvalwa kokugcinwa, amandla enuzi asebenza ngokugcwele.
nebubi
Njengoba ungalindela, amandla enuzi nawo anokubi okuthile. Okuyinhloko yilokhu okulandelayo:
- Imfucuza yayo iyingozi kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, ayinayo impilo nemvelo. Imfucumfucu enemisebe ingcoliswe kakhulu futhi iyabulala. Ukuwohloka kwayo kuthatha izinkulungwane zeminyaka, okwenza abaphathi bayo babebucayi kakhulu. Eqinisweni, lena yinkinga esingakayixazululi.
- Ingozi ingaba yimbi kakhulu. Izikhungo zamandla enuzi zifakwe izindlela zokuphepha ezinhle, kepha izingozi zingenzeka, kulokhu ingozi ingaba yimbi kakhulu. Isiqhingi iThree Mile Island e-United States, iFukushima eJapan noma iChernobyl ezweni elaliyiSoviet Union yizibonelo zalokho okungenzeka.
- Ziyizisulu ezisengozini. Noma ngabe yinhlekelele engokwemvelo noma isenzo sobuphekula, isitshalo samandla enuzi siyinto esihlosiwe, futhi uma sichithwa noma sonakaliswa, sizodala ukulahleka okukhulu.
Amandla enuzi ayithinta kanjani imvelo
Emisiones de CO2
Yize kuyi-priori kungabonakala sengathi kungamandla angakhiphi amagesi abamba ukushisa, lokhu akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele. Uma iqhathaniswa namanye amafutha, inezinto ezingcolisa umoya ezingekho nhlobo, kepha isekhona. Esitshalweni samandla esishisayo, igesi enkulu ekhishwa emkhathini yi-CO2. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, esikhungweni samandla enuzi ukukhishwa kuncane kakhulu. I-CO2 ikhishwa kuphela ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwe-uranium nokuthuthwa kwayo kusihlahla.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi
Kudingeka inani elikhulu lamanzi ukupholisa izinto ezisetshenzisiwe ngesikhathi senqubo yenuzi yenuzi. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukuvikela amazinga okushisa anobungozi ekufinyeleleni ku-reactor. Amanzi asetshenzisiwe athathwa emifuleni noma olwandle. Ezikhathini eziningi ungathola izilwane zasolwandle emanzini ezigcina zifa lapho amanzi efudunyezwa. Ngokufanayo, amanzi abuyiselwa endaweni enezinga lokushisa eliphakeme, abangele ukuthi kufe izitshalo nezilwane.
Izingozi ezingenzeka
Izingozi ezikhungweni zamandla enuzi azivamile, kodwa ziyingozi kakhulu. Yonke ingozi ingaveza inhlekelele enkulu kakhulu, kokubili ezingeni lezemvelo nelabantu. Inkinga ngalezi zingozi ilele emisebeni evuza imvelo. Le radiation iyabulala kunoma yisiphi isitshalo, isilwane noma umuntu odalulwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iyakwazi ukuhlala emvelweni amashumi eminyaka (iChernobyl ayikahlalwa ngenxa yamazinga emisebe yayo).
Imfucumfucu yenuzi
Ngaphandle kwezingozi zenuzi, imfucuza ekhiqizwayo ingahlala izinkulungwane zeminyaka ize ingasasebenzi ngemisebe. Lokhu kuyingozi ezilwaneni nasezilwaneni zomhlaba. Namuhla, impatho le mfucuza enayo kufanele ivalwe emathuneni enuzi. La mathuna agcina imfucuza ivaliwe futhi ihlukanisiwe futhi ibekwa ngaphansi komhlaba noma phansi kolwandle ukuze ingangcolisi.
Inkinga ngalokhu kuphathwa kwemfucuza ukuthi yisixazululo sesikhashana. Lokhu, isikhathi okusala ngaso imfucumfucu yenuzi isikhathi eside kunesikhathi sokuphila kwamabhokisi lapho zifakwe uphawu khona.
Ukuthandwa ngumuntu
Imisebe, ngokungafani nezinye izinto ezingcolisa umoya, awukwazi ukuhogela nokubona. Kuyingozi empilweni futhi kungagcinwa amashumi eminyaka. Ngokufingqa, amandla enuzi angathinta abantu ngalezi zindlela ezilandelayo:
- Kubangela ukukhubazeka kwezakhi zofuzo.
- Idala umdlavuza, ikakhulukazi wegilo, ngoba le ndlala imunca iodine, yize ibuye ibangele izimila zobuchopho nomdlavuza wamathambo.
- Izinkinga zomnkantsha wethambo, zona ezibanga i-leukemia noma i-anemia.
- Ukukhubazeka kwesisu.
- Ukungabi nenzalo
- Kwenza buthaka amasosha omzimba, okwandisa amathuba okutheleleka.
- Ukuphazamiseka kwamathumbu.
- Izinkinga zengqondo, ikakhulukazi ukukhathazeka ngemisebe.
- Ezingxenyeni eziphakeme noma ezinde kubangela ukufa.
Ngokususelwe kukho konke osekubonakele, inhloso ngukuthola ibhalansi phakathi kokusetshenziswa okuhlukile kwamandla ngenkathi kukhuphuka amandla avuselelekayo nokuqhubekisela phambili ukuguqulwa kwamandla. Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nobuhle nobubi bamandla enuzi.