Izindlu ezenziwe ngokhuni, ukuthi ungazikhetha kanjani, izinzuzo nezinkinga

Umkhakha wezindlu zamapulangwe ukhule kakhulu kule minyaka eyishumi edlule futhi ukuthi amanani ayo ancintisanayo nesikhathi esifushane sokwakha kwenza iningi lethu libe nentshisekelo kulolu hlobo lwezindlu.

Ukuze ube ngqo ngqo izindlu zamapulangwe zizungeze ama-25-30% ashibhile ukuthi indlu kakhonkolo futhi ngokwakhiwa akufanele kuthathwe ngaphezu kwezinyanga ezi-5 noma ezi-6.

Kungakho abantu abaningi beqala ukubakhethela indawo yokuhlala yesibili futhi kamuva njengekhaya lonyaka wonke.

Uma ufuna indlu yokhuni Akufanele nje ubheke intengo futhi yenze ibe yinhle ngangokunokwenzeka, kuze kube namuhla kunezinhlobo eziningi nezici okufanele uzicabangele ukuba nendlu "cishe ephelele" futhi ngithi cishe ngiphelele ngoba akukho lutho oluphelele kulokhu kuphila.

Ngokunjalo Ungathenga ukuthenga ngezindlela ezi-3:

1. Ukuthenga kuphela i-Kit (imishini) bese uyihlanganisa ngokwakho.
2. Ukuthenga ikhithi ehlanganisiwe
3. Ukuthenga ukhiye wendlu, kuqede ngokuphelele.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, into yokuqala okufanele uyazi ukuthi okungenani ku- España ukwakha indlu yamapulangwe Uzodinga imvume yokwakha evela eMkhandlwini Wedolobha nakuphrojekthi yokwakha.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izindlu zakhiwe zithobele i-CTE, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Technical Building Code.

Izinhlobo zezindlu zamapulangwe.

Kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu zokwakhiwa kwendlu yamapulangwe, ngayinye inezinzuzo nezinkinga zayo.

Okwezingodo.

Okokuqala kukho konke izingodo.

Lolu hlobo lwendlu yakhiwe noma ifakwe ngqo esakhiweni usebenzisa izingodo ngaleyo ndlela ikunikeze lokho kuthinta okuyisici.

Lolu hlobo lwendlu lunenzuzo ye- ubukhulu bokhuni, ngalokhu ngiqonde ukuthi ngenxa yobukhulu bokhuni esinalo izinga lokushisa elihle kakhulu nomswakama ngaphakathi kwendlu enekhwalithi ebusika futhi epholile ehlobo, okugcina kuyikho okuthakazelisayo.

Inkinga noma ukungatholakali kwalolu hlobo yi ukungapheleli kobumbano phakathi kwesiqu esisodwa nomunye, yize ingaxazululwa ngokusebenzisa izingodo eziyisikwele ezilingana kangcono kunezizindilinga.

Iphothiwe kancane.

Ayasetshenziswa amaphaneli afanelekile nezingxenye eyenza lula ukuhlangana, kanye nenani elikhulu lezinto ezincane ezisiza i- ukuguquguquka kwesimo, ukuhlelwa kwangaphambili kanye nokushintshaniswa.

Heavy nokwelukiweyo.

Ekuboneni kokuqala, umehluko phakathi kohlaka olukhanyayo nolusindayo ubukhulu bezingodo noma izingcezu zokhuni ezisetshenzisiwe, kepha akunjalo.

En los ukwelukwa okunamandla kugwema ukusetshenziswa kwamalunga nezinzipho ezakhiwe ngensimbi futhi imihlangano noma izinyunyana ezisizakala ngokungezwani kwesakhiwo zisetshenziswa kakhulu.

Futhi, ivumela ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezinezitezi eziningi, okuthile ngohlaka lokukhanya okungalahlekelwa ukuzinza kusuka eziphakeme ezi-3.

Omakhalekhukhwini.

Bangaba bobabili ukhuni njengakwezinye izinhlobo zokumboza.

Ziyizindlu esivele iqoqiwe efektri futhi yathuthwa yenziwa izingcezu eziningana noma ngoyedwa, kuya ngosayizi wokugcina wendlu, kuze kufike endaweni yokugcina.

Lolu hlobo lwendlu yamapulangwe ngokuvamile luvame kakhulu enkabeni nasenyakatho yeYurophu.

ESpain, njengoba kungakabi inketho ejwayelekile, abakhi bazimisele ukubakhuthaza baze bayithole.

Eqinisweni, kukhona ifayela le- Inhlangano Yabakhiqizi Nabakhi Bezindlu Zokhuni ngezinhloso eziyinhloko, ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokho kwe xoxisana nabomshuwalense ukugwema izinhlawulo ngakolunye uhlangothi, nikeza imininingwane ngezinzuzo zalolu hlobo lwezindlu kukonke, kungaba izakhamizi, abakhi bezakhiwo noma abakhi uqobo.

Izinkuni zivelaphi?

Njengoba kunengqondo ukucabanga, izinkuni ziwumkhiqizo omakethwa kanjalo inamabanga amaningi noma ikhwalithi, isuka kokuhle kakhulu kuya kokumukeleka kakhulu.

Zonke ziyizindlu zamapulangwe ezine ikhithi nje

• Ikhwalithi ephezulu- Yenziwe eFinland, e-United States, eCanada, eDenmark, eNorway naseSweden.
• Ikhwalithi emaphakathi: yenziwe eLatvia, eFrance, ePoland naseSpain.
• Ikhwalithi ejwayelekile: yenziwe eChile, eBrazil, eLithuania, e-Estonia naseRomania.

Ukuze ube lesi sigaba zezimfanelo ezahlukahlukene ziyathathwa bala amanye amapharamitha njengoba zinjalo:

1. Isiqinisekiso ukuthi izinkuni zomisiwe. Ngakho-ke ugwema ukukhubazeka, ukubola phakathi kwezinye izinkinga.
2. Ukubalwa kwemithwalo. Kusho imithwalo izindonga nophahla ezingamelana nazo.
3. Ubuchwepheshe. Okubaluleke kakhulu inombolo yokulawula ucezu ngalunye lweKit.
4. Izilinganiso nobukhulu bamashidi ezinkuni. Ubukhulu obukhulu be-90mm kanye negumbi lokuhlukanisa elihambisanayo okungenani lama-50mm kanye nolwelwesi lwangaphakathi.
5. Anti-umswakama kanye nokwelashwa okuvikelayo. Izibulala-zinambuzane nesikhunta.
6. Izitifiketi Okuhlobene ne-Responsible Forest Management (FSC ne-PEFC) kanye nesitifiketi se-CE.
7. Ikhwalithi yezinto zokwakha. Izinkuni eziyigugu kakhulu zivela ezintabeni eziphakeme nasezihlahleni ezikhula kancane.

Uxolo ukusho lokho ku- España uma ufuna indlu yamapulangwe kuzofanele ibe njalo ikhwalithi / ibanga elijwayelekile selokhu izinkuni livela emihlathini yamaRomania Carpathians ngisho nokuhluleka enhlanganweni, ukunikezwa kwamaKithi nangezikhathi zokulethwa.

Uma izinkuni ezivela eSpain ziphakathi nendawo, kungani zi-oda izinkuni ezivela eRomania ezinekhwalithi ejwayelekile?

Impela uzibuze lowo mbuzo futhi isizathu kulula ukusibona, yize nami uqobo ngingathandi.

Kungenxa yokuthi Abasabalalisi abaningi eSpain basebenza nale nkuni ngoba banamanani entengo ancintisana kakhulu.

Ungayikhetha kanjani indlu yezingodo “ephelele”

Sengivele ngiphawule ukuthi asikwazi ukukhetha noma ukuba nendlu ephelele kepha singasondela kuleso simo.

Okuhle kakhulu futhi okusetshenziswa kakhulu yilokho kwe- iwindi elikhanyayo engaziwa futhi njengezindlu zaseMelika, izindlu zaseCanada noma ifreyimu yamapulangwe (ifreyimu yamapulangwe).

Indlu yokhuni yohlobo Indwangu elula inokuqina kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-75, okungukuthi, inkulu kunezindlu zokhuni oluqinile futhi yeqa nezitini noma izakhiwo zikakhonkolo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zindlu bazuza ibhalansi enkulu phakathi kokushisa, ukufutheka nokuphefumula kwezindonga.

Okusho ukwenziwa ngcono kwezimo zokuphila ngaphakathi ekhaya.

Izakhi eziyisisekelo.

Izinto eziyisisekelo ezakha indlu yohlaka olukhanyayo zingu-4: uphahla, olwakhiwe (ukwahlukana phakathi kwamaphansi), izindonga zangaphakathi nezindonga zangaphandle.

Udonga olungaphandle ine:

• Yesikebhe imishayo 45x145mm
• Izinto zokuhlobisa (ipulatifomu yamapulangwe ngokwesibonelo)
• I-Strut 25x45mm
• Ulwelwesi olungangenwa umoya
• I-Chipboard noma i-OSB
• Izinto zokuvala umoya 150mm
• I-Vapor counter ulwelwesi
• I-12,5mm plasterboard

Udonga lwangaphakathi no:

• I-12,5mm plasterboard
• Izinto zokuvala umoya 100-150mm
• I-Vapor counter ulwelwesi
• I-OSB noma i-plasterboard 12,5mm
• Yesikebhe imishayo 45x145mm

Ukwehlukaniswa phakathi kwamaphansi noma i- kwenziwe kufanele:

• Iphansi lePallet
• Ulwelwesi olungangenwa umoya
• Izinto zokuvala umoya 150mm
• I-Vapor counter ulwelwesi
• I-OSB noma i-plasterboard 12,5mm
• Yesikebhe imishayo 45x145mm

Futhi ekugcineni i- ophahleni no:

• Uphahla (tégola, tile)
• Ulwelwesi lomswakama
• Igumbi lomoya
• I-Strut 30x100mm
• Izinto zokuvala umoya 150mm
• I-Vapor counter ulwelwesi
• Isakhiwo semishayo 50x20mm
• I-12mm plasterboard

Umqondo omuhle wezindlu zohlaka olukhanyayo ukuthi ube nesakhiwo esiqinile futhi esiqinile ezikhaleni kabani ongafaka kuzo izindonga, nazo ezinesakhiwo se- ama-slats enkuni akha amafreyimu (yingakho aziwa njengohlaka lwamapulangwe) futhi phakathi kwawo ukulungiswa kwangaphakathi nengaphandle kulungisiwe, kanye nezinye izinto.

Ngokufanayo, Enye yezinzuzo yalolu hlobo lwezindlu zokhuni ukuthi kungenzeka sikunikeze ama-finishes esiwathanda kakhulu ngesakhiwo salo esifanayo, kungaba ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle (olungaphambili lwesonto), ukwehluka noma ukulingana ezinhlangothini zombili.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, enye inzuzo yendwangu engasindi yilokho izindlu ezakhiwe zishibhile, okungenani ngombono, kunezinye izinhlobo zezindlu kusukela ngaleso sikhathi banezinkuni ezincane selokhu izindonga zivela kwa-OSB noma ezinye izinto.

Luyini udonga lwe-OSB noma uqede?

OSB yizifinyezo ze-Oriented Strand Board, ezihunyushwe njenge i-chip board ekhonjiwe futhi luhlobo lwebhodi lenhlanganisela.

Leli bhodi lenza ukuvela kwamabhodi weplywood, lapho esikhundleni sokujoyina amashidi amaningi noma veneers okhuni, kuhlanganiswa izingqimba eziningana ezakhiwe ngokhuni bezinkuni noma nge-shavings, ziqondiswe yebo, ngendlela efanayo.

Ukuqedwa okungenzeka esingakufaka.

Sengike ngasho phambilini ukuthi ungakhetha isiphetho esifanayo noma ngisho eziningana zangaphakathi kwendlu noma zangaphandle kodwa uyazi ukuthi yiziphi ezikhona?

Well lapha uyabona Izinhlobo ezi-8 zokuqeda ukukhetha okuyizinto:

1. OSB amabhodi, okuchazwe ngaphambilini (kungumkhuba wamanje)
2. I-Canaxel, le ngubo yenziwe ngama-chip high-density wood, anikezela ngobuhle nokuqina kwezinkuni ezinemibala ngaphandle kokungapheleli kwemvelo.
3. Isitini esidaluliwe.
4. Itshe lokufakelwa, ingabekwa njenge-plinth futhi eshibhe kakhulu.
5. Itshe lemvelo, imvamisa ifakwa njengento ethile ngoba intengo yayo inyukile.
6. Ulimi lwenkuni nomsele, ekhethekile ngaphandle.
7. I-Monolayer, lokhu kuqeda akuyona into nje yodaka olukhethekile olunokubukeka okulingana nosimende. Kuyabiza impela futhi sekuvele kunamakhophi athile afana nengxube kasimende nosimende.
8. Izigqoko zemvelo, Zenziwe ngezinto zemvelo ezifana ne-lime, ubumba ...

Izici zezomthetho zezindlu zamapulangwe eSpain.

Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuthi izindlu zamapulangwe noma izindlu ezenziwe ngaphambili akudingeki zithobele amalayisense wokuhlela futhi akunjalo.

Kufanele ukwazi lokho izindlu zamapulangwe uma sezisemhlabathini noma kunalokho "ziboshelwe" emhlabathini, engxenyeni yomhlaba zilungele ukusetshenziswa, ukuthathwa njengezindawo ezithengiswayo futhi ngenxa yalokho, Bangaphansi kwemithetho evamile yasemadolobheni.

Bangabhaliswa futhi ku- Ukubhaliswa kwempahla uma esefakiwe.

Nokho, izindlu zamapulangwe ezenziwe ngaphambilini noma ezihambayo ezingafakwanga “ihange” phansi ngokwakhiwa, okusho ukuthi, zingahlukaniswa, zidilizwe noma ziguqulwe indawo ezikuyo, zibhekwa njengempahla ehambayo.

Ngalesi sizathu, kumele ihlangane ne-NBE, iMithethonqubo Eyisisekelo Yokwakha futhi ihlonipha imithethonqubo yomhlaba efakwe kuwo.

Ngakho njalo kufanele ucabangele uhlobo lomhlabathi lapho ufaka khona indlu yakho, uma kungumhlaba ongathuthuka, umhlaba ongathuthukisiwe, wedolobha noma we-rustic.

Izinto noma Imithethonqubo okufanele icatshangwe.

Ku izindlu zokhuni, kubhekwe njengo- indawo ethengiswayo kumele ikunakekele 3 Imithethonqubo eziyisisekelo okuyi: Amazinga Ayisisekelo Okwakha (njengamakhaya ahambayo), i- Umthetho Wokuhlela Ukwakha (LOE) kanye ne- Ikhodi yokwakha yobuchwepheshe (ECT),

Amazinga Ayisisekelo Okwakha (i-NBE).

Babhekisa ku- ukuvikela nokuphepha kwabantu, ukusungula izimo ezisezingeni eliphansi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zabantu futhi kuvikele i- umnotho womphakathi.

Umthetho Wezokwakha (i-LOE).

Mhlawumbe nguMthetho Wezokwakha ozwakala kakhulu kuwe futhi oyiwo isebenza eSpain kusukela ngo-1999.

Lo Mthetho usebenza izici eziyisisekelo kunqubo yokwakha ngasikhathi sinye inquma izibopho zabenzeli bezokwakha, kanye namandla abo kanye nezinsimu zokufaka izicelo.

Ikhodi Yokwakha Yezobuchwepheshe (CTE).

Njengoba ngikhombisile ekuqaleni kwendatshana, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izindlu ziyahambisana ne-CTE, uzodinga iphrojekthi yokwakha kanye nemvume yokwakha evela kuMkhandlu Wedolobha ofanele.

I-CTE isho isethi eyinhloko yemithetho elawula ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo eSpain kusukela ngo-2006.

Ngaleyo ndlela kusungulwa i- izidingo eziyisisekelo zokuphepha kanye nokuhlala kwezakhiwo.

Izinzuzo nezinkinga zezindlu zamapulangwe

Ekugcineni, ukuthi bese kumayelana nesikhathi, ake siqhubekele kokuthakazelisayo, ubuhle nobubi bezindlu osuke wezwa / wafunda kakhulu ngazo.

Kubukeka sengathi eSpain imfashini yalolu hlobo lwendlu iyanda kepha namanje asazi ukuthi yini okufanele siyilindele.

Ngalokhu ngizonikeza uchungechunge lwama-brushstrokes ku- amaphuzu amnandi futhi amabi ukuthi bangaba nalolu hlobo lwendlu.

Izinzuzo noma amaphuzu amahle.

Izingodo, izinto zokwakha eziyinhloko, iyi- insulator yemvelo lokho kungasivikela esimweni sezulu esibi.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umelana nokugqoka kahle ekhiqizwa yiLanga, umoya noma umswakama ngakho ukuqina kwayo mude kakhulu.

Ngalokhu okungenhla (ukwahlukaniswa kwemvelo) ngifaka ukuthi akukho okungcono kunokufudumeza indlu yakho ebusika futhi kuphole ehlobo, inzuzo ebuye ihlobene nomphumela ukonga amandla.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkuni zine- ukumelana okukhulu kwemishini, engalivimbeli ekubeni impahla eqinile ekwaziyo ukuvikela.

Kunezixazululo ezintsha uma kwenzeka umlilo futhi kungukuthi, ngezindlela zokwelashwa ezintsha nge ilangabi izinto ezinciphisa, umlilo awusheshi ukwengeza ukuthi ukhuni seluyinto eqinile maqondana nomlilo, ngisho lokhu ukuthi luvutha kancane.

Akuyona impahla eyakhiwe ngezitini, usimende nokhonkolo.

Ukushiya okokusebenza uqobo (izinkuni), kuhlala kusho lokho inemisebenzi eminingi futhi ingashintshwa kunoma yimuphi umklamo yezindlu futhi ingenziwa ngezifiso ngokuphelele.

Mayelana nokwakhiwa kwayo, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kungokwakhiwa okusimeme, okushibhile futhi okusheshayo.

Esimeme ngoba ukwakhiwa okuhlanzekile, kudla amanzi amancane lapho ukwakhiwa kwenziwa komile futhi kusetshenziswa amandla amancane ngenqubo yokusika nokomisa izinkuni.

Kungabhekwa futhi njengomthombo ovuselelekayo uma izinkuni zivela emahlathini aphethwe ngokufanele.

Kushibhile futhi kuyashesha ngoba uqhathanisa nezindlu zezitini, ezakhiwe ngokhuni zakhiwa cishe Izinyanga ze-6 okungenani futhi azungeze a I-20 noma i-25% ishibhile ngakho-ke ayabiza kakhulu kubantu abaningi.

Okubi noma amaphuzu amabi.

Ukusho lokho ukhuni luyinto evuselelekayo uma ukukhishwa kwayo kulawulwa Yinkemba esika nhlangothi zombili Kusukela ukugawula okungekho emthethweni noma ukugawulwa kwemithi okusemthethweni kodwa okukhulu noma okungalawulwa izohlala ikhona futhi iyinkinga enkulu yokuvikelwa kwemvelo nemiphumela emibi eyenzeka ngaphandle kwalezi zidalwa eziphilayo ukugawulwa kwamahlathi yizikhukhula, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, ukulahleka kwezinto eziphilayo, umthelela omubi ekulungisweni kweCarbon Dioxide (CO2), njll.

Elinye iphuzu okufanele ulinakekele yilezi ukunakekelwa okufanele lokho kufanele kwenziwe ngezinkuni.

Ngikusho lokhu ngoba kuyinto ebonakalayo lizohlaselwa yizinambuzane, izinambuzane nezikhunta.

Kufanele sikugweme konke lokhu kuhlaselwa uma sifuna ukuqhubeka endlini yethu. Yize namhlanje le nkinga ine- ukulungisa okulula njengoba phatha izinkuni ngezinto ezivikela futhi zingangenwa ngamanzi.

Kodwa-ke, okufanele kubhekwe yizo izinto ezisetshenzisiwe ngoba akufani nokusebenzisa imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali lokho kungalimaza impilo yethu noma isimo sezinkuni esikhathini eside ukuthi imikhiqizo yemvelo noma ehloniphayo ngezinto zokusetshenziswa nangempilo yabantu.

Njengephuzu elibi okufanele ulicabangele yilokho akubona bonke omasipala abavumela ukwakhiwa kwezindlu zamapulangwe ngoba ngokusho kuka "bona" ​​babheka ukuthi lolu hlobo lwendlu "ludiliza" nezwe ngokwakhiwa, imibala kanye nokunye okude.

Ngokufanayo, lezi zindlu azibongwa njengoba kungaba yindlu yokwakha ejwayelekile kwazise izinhlelo zokwakha zintsha kwamanye amazwe.

Ukushiya eceleni ukuphazamiseka okungenziwa yilezi zinhlobo zezindlu, mathupha ngicabanga ukuthi ukuhlala endlini yamapulangwe kungaba yindlela enhle kakhulu ngoba kungenye yezindlu ezijwayelekile "ezemvelo" futhi ezibhekele imvelo, ngaphandle kokubala lokho intelezi ekhetheke kangaka ukuthi babe.