Izinjini ze-Hydrogen ziyaqhubeka nokuba ngenye yezindlela zokubheja zesikhathi esizayo embonini yezimoto. Ukusebenza kwayo kuyinikeze uchungechunge lwezinzuzo, ukuyigcina isebenza naphezu kokwehluleka kwayo. Kuze kube manje, iToyota, BMW, Mazda, Hyundai, Ford nezinye izinhlobo zitshale imali eningi kulobu buchwepheshe. Izinjini ezisebenzisa i-hydrogen zihlanganisa izinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi nezinjini zokuguqula amaseli kaphethiloli. Abantu abaningi abazi isebenza kanjani injini ye-hydrogen kanye nezinzuzo nezinkinga zabo.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, sizonikezela lesi sihloko ukukutshela ukuthi injini ye-hydrogen isinyathelo ngesinyathelo isebenza kanjani, yiziphi izici zayo kanye nokubaluleka kwayo emhlabeni wezimoto.
Isebenza kanjani injini evuthayo ye-hydrogen?
Lezi zinjini zisebenzisa i-hydrogen njengophethiloli. Okusho ukuthi, bayishisa ekamelweni elivuthayo ukuze benze ukuqhuma (amandla e-kinetic nokushisa). Ngokwalesi sizathu, izinjini ezivamile zikaphethiloli zingashintshwa ukuze zishise i-hydrogen ngaphezu kwe-LPG noma i-CNG.
Ukusebenza kwale njini kufana ncamashi nokwenjini kaphethiloli. I-Hydrogen isetshenziswa njengophethiloli nomoya-mpilo njenge-oxidant. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kuqaliswa yinhlansi futhi i-spark plug ingaveza inhlansi. IHydrojeni ayinawo ama-athomu ekhabhoni, ngakho ukusabela ukuthi ama-molecule amabili e-hydrogen ahlangana ne-molecule eyodwa yomoya-mpilo, akhiphe amandla namanzi.
Umphumela wokusabela kwayo kwamakhemikhali umhwamuko wamanzi nje. Kodwa-ke, izinjini ezivuthayo ze-hydrogen ziyakukhiqiza ukukhishwa okuthile ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwazo. Isibonelo, amanani amancane e-NOx avela emoyeni nasekushiseni okuvela ekamelweni elivuthayo, noma ukukhishwa okuvela ekushiseni amafutha athile ngamasongo e-piston.
Njengoba i-hydrogen iyigesi, igcinwa ethangini ngomfutho we-700 bar. Lokhu kuphakeme izikhathi ezingama-350 kuya ku-280 kunomfutho ojwayelekile wesondo lemoto. (2 kuya ku-2,5 amabha). Nakuba kukhona nezimoto ezigcina i-hydrogen isesimweni esiwuketshezi emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu, njengoba kukhonjisiwe ngezansi.
Izinjini ezivuthayo ze-Hydrogen zinikeza izinzuzo ezithakazelisayo ngaphezu kwezinjini ezivuthayo ezivamile. Isibonelo, ngokwethiyori bangasebenzisa izingxube ezinhle kakhulu (i-Lambda isondele ku-2). Okusho ukuthi, bangasebenzisa uphethiloli omncane kakhulu ukuze basebenzise wonke umoya ongenayo futhi basebenze kahle kakhulu.
Isibonelo sendlela injini evuthayo ye-hydrogen esebenza ngayo
Isibonelo esihle senjini ye-hydrogen iBMW 750hl, eyangena emakethe ngo-2000. Nakuba empeleni iyinjini kaphethiloli yakwaBMW, iyakwazi nokubasa i-hydrogen.
Nokho, inezihibe ezimbalwa: Okokuqala, igcina i-hydrogen isesimweni esiwuketshezi. Lokhu kudinga ithangi elibiza kakhulu elenziwe ngezinto ezivela ku- imboni ye-aerospace ukugcina izinga lokushisa layo lingaphansi -250ºC. Lokhu kungafezwa kuphela phakathi kwezinsuku eziyi-12 kuya kweziyi-14, phakathi naleso sikhathi i-hydrogen iyahwamuka kancane kancane futhi idedelwe ngokuphephile emkhathini. Ububi besibili ukuthi ngokusebenzisa i-hydrogen ulahlekelwa amandla amaningi nokusebenza kahle. I-BMW Hydrogen 7 yakamuva kusukela ngo-2005 yaxazulula lezi zinkinga kancane futhi yanyusa umfutho we-hydrogen waba ngamabha angama-700 ngaphandle kokubanda.
Esinye isibonelo esihle injini ye-Aquarius hydrogen. Injini kaphethiloli eyakhiwe yinkampani yakwa-Israel efanele ukusetshenziswa kwe-hydrogen. Inguqulo yokuqala esebenzayo yethulwa ngo-2014 futhi kusukela lapho sekuvele inguqulo ebuyekeziwe nethuthukisiwe. Ngokusho kwabathuthukisi bayo, ingasebenza ngaphandle kokugcoba uwoyela futhi ine uhlelo lokushintshisana ngegesi lokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-NOx.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, injini evuthayo ye-hydrogen yangaphakathi ilula futhi inezingxenye ezimbalwa, okwenza kushibhile ukuyikhiqiza. Ingasetshenziswa njenge-extender yebanga lezimoto zikagesi noma njengejeneretha yenethiwekhi.
Isebenza kanjani injini ye-hydrogen fuel cell?
Igama layo eliphelele i-fuel cell converted hydrogen engine. Naphezu kwegama elithi "fuel", abashisi i-hydrogen. Bayisebenzisela ukukhiqiza ugesi ngokusebenzisa inqubo ephambene ye-electrolysis. Kungakho baphatha amabhethri okusabela kwamakhemikhali, njengasenjinini evuthayo ye-hydrogen, lapho I-hydrogen igcinwa emathangini anomfutho we-700 bar.
Ukuthi nje esikhundleni sokuyiphakela injini, idlula ku-anode ne-cathode (njengebhethri) iye esitokisini sikaphethiloli. Uma isifikile, igesi ye-hydrogen (H2) idlula kulwelwesi futhi iyihlukanise ibe ama-ion amabili e-hydrogen. IHydrojeni nama-electron amabili amahhala. Lawa ma-electron adlula e-anode aye ku-cathode yebhethri ngomjikelezo wangaphandle, enze umsinga kagesi. Ama-ion e-hydrogen akhiqizwayo ahlangana nomoya-mpilo ovela emoyeni akhe amanzi.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, injini ye-hydrogen fuel cell ayikhiphisi, njengoba ingakhiqizi i-NOx noma amagesi akhiqizwa lapho kushiswa uwoyela njengenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi. Ama-diaphragm asetshenziswa kulezi zinjini enziwe nge-platinum futhi ayabiza. Nokho, kunomsebenzi wokubhekana nalezi zindleko eziphezulu. Isibonelo, e-Technical University yaseBerlin baye bahlakulela i-ferroalloy ukuthi, uma ifakwa ekukhiqizeni, inganciphisa kakhulu izindleko.
Ukungalungi kwezinjini ze-hydrogen
- Ama-Catalysts asetshenziswa ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali Izinjini ze-hydrogen fuel cell zenziwe ngezinto ezibizayo, njengeplatinum. Okungenani ize ithathelwe indawo enye enye eshibhile, njengale eshiwo ku-TU Berlin.
- Ukuze uthole i-hydrogen, kufanele yenziwe ngezinqubo ze-thermochemical zamafutha ezinsalela noma nge-electrolysis yamanzi, okudinga ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Ukugxekwa okuyinhloko kwezinjini ze-hydrogen, ngoba ugesi ungagcinwa ngqo ebhethri yemoto kagesi ukuze isetshenziswe.
- Lapho i-hydrogen isitholiwe, kufanele yethulwe kuseli noma ithangi lokucindezela. Le nqubo idinga futhi izindleko ezengeziwe zamandla.
- Amabhethri e-hydrogen ayabiza ukuwakhiqiza futhi kufanele aqine kakhulu ukuze amelane nezingcindezi eziphezulu okufanele i-hydrogen igcinwe ngayo.
Izinzuzo zezinjini ze-hydrogen
- Amabhethri e-hydrogen alula kunamabhethri emoto kagesi. Yingakho ukusetshenziswa kwayo ezimotweni ezinzima kuphenywa njengenye indlela yamaloli asebenza ngogesi ngamabhethri. Ukuze ukwazi ukumboza amabanga amade, asinda kakhulu.
- Namuhla, ukushaja i-hydrogen kuyashesha kunokushaja ibhethri lemoto kagesi.
- Ngokungafani nezimoto zikagesi zamabhethri, izimoto ze-hydrogen fuel cell azidingi amabhethri amakhulu. Ngakho-ke, idinga i-lithium encane noma ezinye izinto ezingase zibe yindlala. Izinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi ze-Hydrogen azidingi ngokuqondile amabhethri e-lithium noma amanye amabhethri afanayo.
- Ama-fuel cell angandisa impilo yemoto. Ngokungafani namabhethri, abizayo ukuwashintsha ngenxa yobukhulu bawo namandla. Amabhethri ahlotshaniswa nezinjini ze-hydrogen mancane ngakho-ke kubiza kancane ukuwashintsha.
- Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinjini zikaphethiloli, izinjini ze-hydrogen fuel cell zisebenzisa izinjini zikagesi ngakho-ke zithule kakhulu.
Ukuzimela
Ububi bezinjini ze-hydrogen ukuthi amathangi azo noma amaseli kaphethiloli kumele abe ne-hydrogen lapho kunengcindezi ephezulu kakhulu. Ngakho, indawo yokuhlinzeka kufanele futhi ihambisane nokucindezela kwamabha angu-700 eliwasekelayo.
Lokhu kudinga ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda yezimpahla ukuze ukwazi ukufaka uphethiloli kulolu hlobo lwemoto. Sekushiwo lokho, inezinkinga ezifanayo nezimoto ezisebenza ngogesi. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kwe-refueling kuyashesha kakhulu kunalezi, ngoba kuyafana nemoto ye-LPG noma ye-GLC.
Izimoto okwamanje ezifakwe izinjini ze-hydrogen fuel cell zinebanga elifana nelikaphethiloli. Ngokwesibonelo, iToyota Mirai imemezele ibanga elingu-650 km nebhethri eligcwele, iHyundai Nexo 756 km kanye neBMW iX5 Hydrogen 700 km.
Abanye abafana neHopium Machina sebememezele ibanga elingu-1.000 XNUMX km, yize leso sibalo sesizoqinisekiswa uma sekwenzeka. Kunoma yikuphi, ukuzimela akubalulekile njengebhethri, ngoba i-refueling iyashesha kakhulu. Into okufanele uyikhumbule inombolo yamaphuzu kaphethiloli.
Baphephile?
Imikhiqizo ibilokhu isebenzela lolu hlobo lwenjini iminyaka eminingi ukuze ithuthukise ukusebenza kwayo kahle, inciphise izindleko futhi, vele, izenze ziphephe njengalezo ezisebenzisa amafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindinganiso zokuphepha ezidingwa yiYurophu, i-United States ne-Japan ziyisiqinisekiso sokuphepha kwezimoto ezihamba nge-hydrogen. Akudingekile ukusho, iToyota iyakuncoma lokho ithangi likaphethiloli le-Mirai liqinile ngokwanele ukuthi lingangenwa izinhlamvu.
Ngabe sizolubona usuku lapho zonke izimoto zigijima nge-hydrogen? Isikhathi sizobonisa konke. Kuyacaca ukuthi amabhrendi ayaqhubeka nokutshala imali futhi kunezinzuzo ezithile ezikwenza kube enye indlela enengqondo kunezokuthutha ezikhishwa yiziro.
Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nendlela injini ye-hydrogen esebenza ngayo, izici zayo, izinzuzo kanye nokubi.