Intela yelanga

UMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe wagunyaza ekupheleni kuka-2015, iRoyal Decree ebeka lokho ekubiza ngokuthi «inombolo eyisipele»Ukuze energy self-ukusetshenziswa, edume ngokuthi intela elangeni

Ngeshwa, izinsolo ezimbi kakhulu zezinhlangano zabathengi, amaqembu ezemvelo, izinhlangano zamabhizinisi kanye neqembu eliphikisayo sezigcwalisekile. Bebelokhu bexwayisa leli qiniso isikhathi eside, kusukela Eminyakeni engama-2 ngaphambili UMnyango Wezezimboni wamemezela izinhloso zawo

Ngokuya ngombiko oncome izinguquko ezithile kwiKhomishini Kazwelonke Yezimakethe Nezokuncintisana (CNMC), kanye nokugunyazwa okwalandela koMkhandlu Wezwe; uHulumeni wasivuma lesi sinqumo esisha ngaphandle kwenkinga.

Intela yelanga evunyelwe ngaphansi kwegunya likaJosé Manuel Soria eMnyangweni Wezimboni ngomunye waleyo mithetho okungekho sakhamuzi esiyiqondayo. Kungani iGerman, izwe elinelanga elincane kunathi, ubeke amapuleti amaningi ngonyaka kuneSpain kuwo wonke umlando wayo?

Iqiniso ngukuthi iSpain ibingumgqugquzeli omkhulu wamandla avuselelekayo ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, ehlinzeka nangamabhonasi kulabo abafake ama-solar panel. Noma kunjalo, ukuqagela emakethe kanye nezinyathelo zikahulumeni we-PP kusukela ngo-2011 baqala ukusicindezela lesi simo.

Ezinhlanganweni zamazwe omhlaba ezinjengeGreenpeace icabanga "inqubomgomo ecacile yokuhlawulisa amandla avuselelekayo, ukonga nokusebenza kahle kwamandla".

Eqinisweni, iGreenpeace ibuza uHulumeni ukuthi iSpain ube ngumholi kokuvuselelekayo futhi: Bafuna ukuthi i-future Climate Change Law ifake amandla ahlanzekile ayi-100%. Bayakhumbula ukuthi eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule bakhombisa ukusebenza kwabo kwezobuchwepheshe nakwezomnotho.

Sperpentic, ungawashaja kanjani amandla akho?

Imvamisa, umthengi onamapuleti afakiwe futhi azikhiqize ugesi wakhe exhunywe kunethiwekhi, lapho ithola khona amandla athe xaxa ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zayo, ayishisi ngaso sonke isikhathi, ingahle ibe nenkungu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhathi eziningi lokho okukhiqizwayo akwanele; futhi uma isele ingathengiselwa inethiwekhi

Kulowo owabe enguNgqongqoshe Wezimboni, uJosé Manuel Soria, “kumayelana nokuthi utshele umthengi ukuthi ukuzisebenzisela okuhle kakhulu, kepha uma bezosebenzisa inethiwekhi sikhokha ndawonye Kufanele futhi inikele ngoba, uma kungenjalo, thina sonke sizobe sikhokha ingxenye ethile yalokho esikudlayo ». Ungqongqoshe obefanele ashiye phansi izinkampani zakhe ezingasogwini ePanama.

UJose Manuel Soria

Ukuhlupheka kukaSoria emphakathini kwaqala ngenkathi kutholakala ukuthi yena, kanye nomfowabo, bavela emibhalweni etholwe ku- Inkampani yabameli basePanamani iMossack Fonseca, umsuka wokuvuza lapho abezindaba abaningana emhlabeni jikelele bakwazi ukufinyelela khona, eSpain La Sexta nase 'El Confidencial'. Inhloko Yezimboni isho ngaleso sikhathi isuka eCanary Islands ukuthi kube yiphutha nokuthi umfowabo naye akazi ukuthi kungani isignesha yakhe ivele kunoma yimiphi imibhalo. Futhi ukuze athembeke enkulumweni yakhe, waqinisekisa ukuthi ucele abashushisi beNkantolo Kazwelonke ukuthi baqinisekise ukuthi akanazo izinkampani ePanama. Kamuva, imvume entsha yokucinga nayo yanikezwa iBahamas.

Ukusuka lapho, amasiginesha kaJosé Manuel Soria nomfowabo baqala ukufaka emibhalweni yenkampani ungqongqoshe angazange ayazi, kwaze kwaba yilapho kukhishwa ubufakazi bobudlelwano babo nendawo yentela.

Nikeza

Inkonzo ikubheke lokho njengokuxolelwa ekukhokheni intela yelanga kungaba ngumxhaso kukhokhelwa abanye abathengi. Engqungqutheleni yabezindaba eyenzeka ngemuva koMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe, owayenguNgqongqoshe uSoria waphikelela ekutheni labo abazisebenzisayo kumele bakhokhe imali yokuhamba nokusabalalisa "kuze kube sezingeni lokuthi basebenzise" uhlelo futhi banikele "njenganoma yimuphi omunye umthengi." Kwezinye izindleko. .

Ngakho-ke ukubeka kubukeka kulungile, futhi akekho owuphikayo, kepha uma ungena emininingwaneni, izinto ziyashintsha, njengomxhumanisi we inkampani yezomnotho yomphakathi i-Ecooo (Mario Sánchez-Herrero): «Into enengqondo ukuthi laba bathengi bayayikhokhela lesekelo (intela yelanga), nini futhi kuphela kulezo zikhathi lapho badinga ukusebenzisa i-Intanethi, hhayi, njengoba kusungulwe ku umthethonqubo osanda kuvunywa, ezikhathini lapho zingadli khona kunethiwekhi, okungukuthi ngalezo zikhathi lapho ama-photovoltaic panels asebenza khona ».

Intengo yelanga izoba nayiphi intengo?

Endabeni yabathengi bendawo yokuhlala, kuzokhokhiswa cishe ama-euro ayi-9 kanye ne-VAT ngonyaka nge-kW yamandla ephaneli ngalinye abanalo ekhaya (intela yelanga). Ngokusho kochwepheshe abaningana, ukungalungi kwalolu hlobo lomthengi akuyona imali ekhokhwayo kangako, kepha kunalokho abanakho akukho ukubuya ukuthola amandla abakhiqizayo bese bewalahla kunethiwekhi.

Empeleni, enkampanini kagesi esemsebenzini, unganikeza u-50% wawo wonke amandla akhiqizwa ukufakwa kwakho, okuthi ngale ndlela: I-Endesa, Iberdrola, iGesi Yemvelo noma yimuphi ugesi, uzowudayisela umakhelwane wakho. ngamasenti ayi-12 ngehora le-kilowatt (kWh) ngalinye. Lokho impela ibhizinisi kanti okunye kungumbhedo.

Ezikhungweni ezinkulu kunazo zonke, ezezimboni, abathengi bazokhokha ama-toll amabili. Lawo ma-euro ayi-9 kanye ne-VAT nge-kW ngayinye yamandla wamapaneli kanye nokuguquguqukayo okuhlobene nezindleko zamandla. "Iyona enomthelela omkhulu" ngokusho kochwepheshe abaningana kulo mkhakha, futhi kuzoba cishe amasenti ama-5 nge-kWh ngayinye abayikhiqizayo nabayisebenzisayo.

Ngenxa yezindleko enazo ngohlelo, iziQhingi zeBalearic kanye neCanary Islands zizokhululwa ekukhokhelweni.

Isinqumo lesi sithandwa ngubani?

Imboni ivikela ukuthi iRoyal Decree ihlose ukuqinisekisa uzinzo kwezomnotho nakwezimali lohlelo futhi ivikele bonke abathengi kusukaxhasa»Ukuzisebenzisela ukusetshenziswa, kubo yiyona« ukubumbana ».

Kodwa ukubona lolu hlelo, kuzofanele sihlaziye isitatimende semali engenayo ye-REE (i-Red Eléctrica Española), naleyo yezinkampani ezinkulu zikagesi, njenge-Iberdrola, i-Endesa… Siyabona ukuthi kuyo yonke imiphumela ikhona izigidigidi, hhayi imiphumela yomhlaba wonke, kodwa imiphumela eSpain.

Lapho uhulumeni ekhuluma "ngohlelo," abaningi izinhlangano Bacela ukukhuluma "ngesitatimende semali engenayo ezinkampanini ezinkulu zikagesi."

Imiphumela ka-2016

Qeda

Ugesi Qeda idubule u-30% wayo inzuzo ephelele. Ngo-2016, inkampani yayiholwa ngu UBorja Prado ithole ama-euro ayizigidi eziyi-1.411, ngokolwazi oluthumele kuNational Securities and Market Commission (CNMV).

Imali yakho yonke engenayo yokusebenza (I-Ebitda) ikhule ngo-13%, yaya ezigidini ezingama-3.432; futhi 'ukungena kwemali'(Ukuhamba kwemali) kusuka ekusebenzeni kukhuphuke ngamanye ama-13%, kwafinyelela kuma-euro ayizigidi ezingama-2.995.

Iberdrola

U-Iberdrola uvale u-2016 ngenzuzo ephelele engama-euro ayizigidi ezingama-2.705, okuyisibalo esimele ukwanda ngo-11,7% uma kuqhathaniswa nonyaka odlule. Inzuzo ephindayo yenetha ithuthuke ngo-12%, kuze kufike ezigidini ezingama-2.531,7.

Inzuzo yokusebenza ngaphambi kokukhokhiswa kwemali (ebitda) ibimi kwizigidi ezingama-7.807,7, okungu-5,5% ngaphezulu, ngenkathi inzuzo yokusebenza idubule i-18,9%, yaya ezigidini ezingama-4.554. Mayelana nobubanzi obukhulu, ikhule ngo-0,6%, yaya ezigidini eziyi-12.916,2.

Ugesi wemvelo

Ugesi wemvelo ganó 1.347 million euro ngo-2016, okusho ukwehlisa inzuzo ngo-10,3%, othintwe yi-a umongo omubi emakethe yamazwe omhlaba, kukhawulwe umthelela wokwehluka kwamanani okushintshisana kanye nezithiyo ebhizinisini lawo elithile, njengokungenelela kwenkampani engaphansi kwayo yaseColombia i-Electricaribe ngoNovemba.

Inhlangano evikela amalungelo abathengi (i-FACUA) nayo iyakusola ukuthi uhulumeni ufaka "izimfuno zezinkampani ezinkulu zikagesi kunalezo zabathengi, abalimala kwezomnotho«. Ngeshwa, singakhumbula ukuthi "uhlelo oluqhubekayo lubangele ukwanda kukagesi emakhaya angama-74,93% eminyakeni eyishumi edlule."

Ngeshwa, i-Greenpeace nezinye izinhlangano uvumile kule minyaka engu-2 edlule ukuthi ngalezi zinyathelo, uhulumeni unikeze i-vassalage ku ugesi oligopoly".

Eqinisweni, uHulumeni Ngawo lowo nyaka wavotela umthethosivivinywa okhuthaza ukuzisebenzisela ugesi ngaphandle kwamacala futhi lokho bekusekelwa yiwo wonke amaqembu ezepolitiki, ngaphandle kwe-PP neForo Asturias. Ukulungiswa kwawo ukuthi kungasho ukwehla kwemali engenayo kanti ama-euro ayizigidi eziyi-162 ngonyaka ngeke aqoqwe ngentela.

Ngokusho kukahulumeni, iyazidlela, ayixhasi

Ngokusho kwe-Executive of Mariano Rajoy, ngokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa okukhiqiza amandla abo, kuphoqa labo abangenawo la masakhiwo ukuthi bathathe izindleko eziphakeme ukugcinwa kohlelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokho kufakwa kwe-photovoltaic kuyabiza impela, ngakho-ke kuyinto yabacebile egcizelela ukungalingani kwezwe lethu.

Izinhlangano eziningi ezifana ne-OCU ziyaziqeda lezi zimpikiswano ezimbili. Okokuqala, bavikela izinzuzo zokuzisebenzisela inzuzo enhle, "engahambelani nomqondo wokushoda kobumbano", njengokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ekhipha ukushisa, ukungena izinto zokubasa, ukwenza ngcono ibhalansi yezinkokhelo, ukuqashwa. Okwesibili, baqinisekisa ukuthi ngomthethonqubo wokuzisebenzisa ngokwakho ofana nalowo ovunywa emhlabeni wonke okhuthaza usizo lokutholwa nokufakwa kwemishini, ugesi ovela kuma-panels ushibhile kakhulu kunalokho esikukhokhelayo njengamanje. Eqinisweni, ukuzisebenzisela ngokwakho kungaba yithuluzi elilodwa lokulwa nobuphofu bamandla nokungalingani.

Kungani uHulumeni efuna ukuvuna izinkampani ezinkulu zikagesi?

Izinhlangano eziningi zabathengi ziyakhumbula ukuthi "yize kungazwakala njengokukholwa futhi kulula" - ukuthi iminyango ejikelezayo, lapho usopolitiki ephuma emphakathini eya ezimele, ayikhawulelwanga ezimweni ezaziwa kakhulu zezikhundla eziphakeme, njengobudlelwano bomongameli wangaphambili kahulumeni Felipe González ngeGesi Yemvelo Fenosa, noma uJosé María Aznar no-Endesa, kepha kunalokho kunentambo ephelele yezikhundla zabaphathi abaphakathi ezibala kuleyo minyango ukuqhubeka iphenduka.

Kepha ngaphezu kwalokho, uveza ukuthi uHulumeni uvikela ukuthi “izinto ezibalulekile, ezinjengokunikezwa kwamandla, kumele zinakekelwe izinkampani ezinkulu, futhi sidinga ukuthi kube khona ompetha abakhulu baseSpain ukuba nesisindo emhlabeni nokuthi umnotho wethu uyakwazi ukusebenza. Lokhu kubandakanya ukufaka isiqiniseko sokuthi emakethe ebanjiwe, banemali engenayo eyanele ukuze bangalahlekelwa yizinyawo zabo emncintiswaneni oshubile abawugcina nezinkampani ezifanayo ezivela kwamanye amazwe emhlabeni. Bavikele nganoma iyiphi imali.

Inkinga ye-boom

Njengoba kuchazwe ngochwepheshe abaningana:

"Inkinga ezinkampanini zikagesi ukuthi zivune ngokweqile ezitshalweni zomjikelezo ezihlanganisiwe, izitshalo zokukhiqiza ezisebenzisa igesi ukukhiqiza ugesi. Lezi zitshalo, ngenxa yesimo esibucayi, zisebenza amahora angama-800-1.000 ngonyaka, lapho bekuzofanela ukuthi zibe ngamahora we-5.000-6.000. Ukube ukuzisebenzisela obekuvunyelwe kunemithetho efanelekile, hhayi ngoba kuyayithanda kepha ayikulimazi, esikhundleni sokusebenza amahora angama-800 bebezosebenza i-100, ngakho-ke bekungaba njalo kuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe balulame kutshalomali olukhulu abalwenzile »

Ingabe omakhelwane bethu baseYurophu banentela yelanga?

Njengoba ukhumbula ifayili le- ISpain Photovoltaic Union (Unef), inhlangano ehlanganisa izinkampani ezithile ezingama-300 kulo mkhakha eSpain. Izwe elinelanga eliningi, lapho limema khona ukukhuthaza lolu hlobo lwamandla, yilona kuphela izwe lapho kulungiswa khona umthethonqubo "ukuze ukuzisebenzisela ukungakhuli" (intela yelanga).

Portugal

Ngaphandle kokuqhubeka, umakhelwane wethu iPortugal «ivumela ukuthuthukiswa kokuzisebenzisela kuze kufike ku-1MW ngaphandle kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwentela futhi ibhalansi ephelele yenziwa ngokukhokha intengo ye- amandla asele ngo-90% wentengo yemakethe yayo »

EFrance

EFrance ithathe isinqumo sokubheja ngamandla we-photovoltaic. Njengengxenye yecebo lokuphinda kathathu amandla alo we-photovoltaic ngo-2023, umlawuli wamandla waseFrance uCRE uhlanganise amaningana ithenda yamaphrojekthi wamandla avuselelekayo ukuzisebenzisela ukuthengisa.

Lolu hlelo lufaka phakathi amaphrojekthi angathathwa njengosayizi ophakathi nendawo, nomthamo ophakathi kuka-100 kW no-500 kW. Ukuthola usizo, abanikazi bokufakwa kufanele izisebenzisele amandla angaphezu kuka-50% wamandla akhiqizwayo, ukuthengisa okusele kuzinsiza zomphakathi zaseFrance i-EDF. Lokhu kuthengiswa kuzokhuthazwa ngosizo olungeziwe lwama-euro angama-50 ngehora lama-megawatt kulesi sigaba sokuqala, kwehle kuye kuma-40 ocingweni lokugcina lohlelo ngo-2020. Umholo uyancipha.

Alemania

EJalimane, izinkampani ezinkulu zikagesi ezifana ne-E .ON zikhuthaza ukuzisebenzisela kwamakhasimende azo. Kusukela ngo-Ephreli odlule, amakhasimende ayo azokwazi ukukhiqiza amandla awo elanga futhi awabeke ngaphandle komkhawulo, awasebenzise ngokuhamba kwesikhathi noma kunini nalapho efuna khona. Isevisi ibizwa I-SolarCloud- Abakhiqizi bamandla elanga bazokwazi ukugcina inani elingenamkhawulo ku-akhawunti ebonakalayo kagesi bese belisebenzisa lapho belidinga.

Okwamanje ayikho imali ekhokhwayo

Ukuphikisana okunje ngalutho. Intela yelanga edumile ebesikhuluma ngayo kule ndatshana, yenziwe ekuqaleni konyaka ka-2015 ayisetshenziswa.

Kubukeka sengathi lowo owayeyinhloko yenqubomgomo yezamandla kaHulumeni wayengenaso isikhathi sokuqedela ukuthuthukiswa kokulawulwa okudingeka ekusetshenzisweni kwaleyo nqubomgomo. khokhisa ukufakwa kwe-photovoltaic ngokuhlala uxhumekile kunethiwekhi yokuhlinzeka.

Ngokusho kukaJosé Donso, umqondisi jikelele we-UNEF: Umthetho wentela yelanga uvunyelwe, kepha imiyalo yongqongqoshe ezothuthukisa inkambiso iyashoda. Yingakho uHulumeni engakakhokhisi hhayi i-euro ngentela yelanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqembu eliphikisayo lizama ukuqiniseka ukuthi lo mthetho awusebenzeli phambili.

Noma kunjalo, lelo nani kwakuyi-icing ekhekheni lokusikeka elaqalwa iqembu elidumile kusukela ngo-2010, elashiya amandla avuselelekayo ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwemithombo yamandla. amabhonasi okukhiqiza. Lokho kusika kungakhubazekile ngokuzumayo ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obuhlanzekile futhi, ikakhulukazi, i-photovoltaics nogesi ozisebenzisela wona.

UTesla udlulisa intela yelanga

Ngaphandle kwesiyaluyalu esikhulu salokho okubizwa ngokuthi 'intela yelanga' evunyelwe nguHulumeni waseMariano Rajoy ekupheleni kuka-2015, i-American Tesla isiqalile ukuthola imiyalo yokufaka Uphahla lwelanga. Kuhlanganiswe nebhethri layo lokugcina le-Powerwall 2, lawa maphahla elanga aguqukayo angavumela amakhaya ukuthi aziphe amandla ngokwamandla avuselelekayo kusetshenziswa amathayili ophahleni afakwe ingilazi anamaseli elanga ahlanganisiwe.

Kuye esitolo se-intanethi, UTesla usevele uvumela amakhasimende aseSpain ukuthi a-ira uphahla lweSolar lapho sekukhokhwe idiphozi yama-euro angama-930. Lesi siqinisekiso "sibuyiselwa imali ngokuphelele uze uqede ukuthenga kwakho futhi wamukele isivumelwano sokufaka." Inkampani ayinikezi akukho lwazi ngamanani noma usuku lokulethwa. “Ungayibhukha futhi sikuqinisekisa ngokubonisana ngonyaka ozayo uma isitholakala emakethe, bese unquma ukuthi uyaqhubeka noma cha; Uma ungafuni, imali yokubhukha iyabuyiselwa ”, kuchaza insizakalo yayo yocingo eSpain.

Izinsika ezintathu zamandla ziyashintsha

Ku-Elon Musk kukhona izingxenye ezintathu ekuguquleni kumandla elanga: ukukhiqizwa (ngesimo samapaneli elanga), ukugcina (amabhethri) kanye nokuhamba (izimoto zikagesi). Inhloso yakhe wukuhlanganisa lezi zinyathelo ezintathu nenkampani yakhe iTesla.

Kungakho umqondo wokujoyina ama-panels namabhethri. Kuze kube manje, noma ngubani ofuna ukubheja ngamandla elanga futhi angasebenzisi igridi kagesi ngangokunokwenzeka adinga ukuthenga amaphaneli enkampanini yesibili, namabhethri avela kwaTesla. Kusukela manje kuqhubeke, izinyathelo zizokwenza benza lula okuningi, ngoba amapaneli namabhethri azohlangana. Uma sifaka izimoto zikagesi zikaTesla neshaja entsha kulokho, sine-3-in-1 ephelele.