Imithetho ye-thermodynamics

Impela wake wawuzwa umqondo we imithetho ye-thermodynamics. Kuyaziwa nangezimiso ze-thermodynamics. Lokhu kubhekisa ekwakhiweni okuyisisekelo kakhulu kwaleli gatsha le-physics. Kunjengokungathi ungubaba wethu ngokwesisekelo sakho konke. Ziyiqoqo lezimo zefomula ezibhekele ukuchaza ukusebenza kwezinhlelo ezibizwa nge-thermodynamic systems. Lezi zinhlelo ziyingxenye yendawo yonke ehlukaniswe ngendlela yokucabanga ukuze ikwazi ukwenza izifundo nokuqonda konke okuthinta i-physics eyisisekelo njengokushisa, amandla ne-entropy.

Kule ndatshana sizochaza konke odinga ukukwazi ngemithetho ye-thermodynamics.

Imithetho ye-thermodynamics

Kunemithetho emi-4 ye-thermodynamics futhi ibhalwe kusuka ku-zero kuya ku-XNUMX, le mithetho isebenza ukuqonda yonke imithetho yemvelo yendawo yonke yethu kanye nokungenzeki kwezinto ezithile ezibonakalayo emhlabeni wethu.

Le mithetho inokuhluka noma imvelaphi. Ezinye zaqanjwa kusukela kwangaphambilini. Umthetho wokugcina owaziwayo we-thermodynamics ngumthetho onguziro. Le mithetho ihlala unomphela kuzo zonke izifundo nocwaningo olwenziwa kumalabhorethri. Zibalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi indawo yethu yonke isebenza kanjani. Sizochaza ngamunye ngamunye ukuthi iyini imithetho ye-thermodynamics.

Umthetho wokuqala weThermodynamics

Lo mthetho usho lokho amandla awakwazi ukwakhiwa noma ukubhujiswa, kuphela aguqulwe. Lokhu kwaziwa nangokuthi umthetho wokongiwa kwamandla. Kubonisa ukuthi kunoma yiluphi uhlelo lomzimba oluhlukaniswe nendawo yalo, amandla ngobuningi bawo ayohlala efana. Yize amandla engaguqulwa ngandlela thile abe ezinye izinhlobo zamandla, ingqikithi yawo wonke la mandla ihlala ifana.

Sizobeka isibonelo ukuze siyiqonde kangcono. Ukulandela lo mgomo, uma sinikeza inani elithile lamandla ngendlela yokushisa ohlelweni lomzimba, inani eliphelele lamandla lingabalwa ngokuthola umehluko phakathi kokukhuphuka kwamandla alo angaphakathi nomsebenzi owenziwe uhlelo ohlelweni lwalo indawo ezungezile. Lokho wukuthi, umehluko phakathi kwamandla onawo uhlelo ngalowo mzuzu nomsebenzi owenzile kuzoba ngamandla okushisa akhishwayo. Noma kunjalo, Uma sihlanganisa wonke amandla esewonke wohlelo, noma ingxenye yalo iguqulwe njengokushisa, ingqikithi yamandla wohlelo iyafana.

Umthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics

Lo mthetho usho lokhu okulandelayo: uma kunikezwe isikhathi esanele, zonke izinhlelo ekugcineni zizothambekela ekungalinganiseleni. Lesi simiso saziwa futhi ngegama lomthetho we-entropy. Ingafingqwa kanjena. Inani le-entropy elikhona endaweni yonke livame ukwanda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. I-entropy yohlelo ilinganisa izinga layo lokuphazamiseka. Lokho wukuthi, umthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics usitshela ukuthi izinga lokuphazamiseka kwamasistimu liyakhuphuka uma sebefike ezingeni lokulingana. Lokhu noma kusho ukuthi uma sinikeza isikhathi esanele ohlelweni ekugcineni kuzoba nokungalingani.

Lona ngumthetho onesibopho sokuchaza ukungaguquguquki kwezinye zezinto ezibonakalayo. Ngokwesibonelo, isisiza ukuthi sichaze ukuthi kungani iphepha lishise iphepha alikwazi ukubuyela esimeni salo sangempela. Kulolu hlelo olwaziwa njengephepha nomlilo, ukungezwani kuye kwanda ngendlela yokuthi akukwazi ukubuyela emsukeni wayo. Lo mthetho wethula umsebenzi we-entropy state, okuthi esimweni sezinhlelo zomzimba ubhekele ukumela izinga lokuphazamiseka nokuphelelwa ngamandla kwalo okungenakugwemeka.

Konke lokhu kusebenza nge-entropy, kuxhumanisa izinga lamandla elingasetshenziswa uhlelo ngakho-ke kulahleka emvelweni. Lokhu kwenzeka uma kuba noshintsho esimweni sokulingana. Izinga lokugcina lokulingana lizoba ne-entropy engaphezulu kuneyokuqala. Lo mthetho uthi ushintsho lwe-entropy luzohlala lulingana noma lukhulu kunokudluliswa kokushisa okuhlukaniswe ukushisa kohlelo. Izinga lokushisa kuleli cala ukuguquguquka okubalulekile ekuchazeni ukungena kwesistimu.

Ukuqonda umthetho wesibili we-thermodynamics sizonikeza isibonelo. Uma sishisa inani elithile lodaba futhi sibeka ibhola kanye nomlotha ovelayo, singaqinisekisa ukuthi kukhona udaba oluncane kunasesimweni sokuqala. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi udaba seluphenduke amagesi angenakubuyiselwa futhi aholele ekusakazekeni nasenkingeni. Le yindlela esibona ngayo ukuthi esifundazweni esisodwa bekukhona okungenani i-entropy kunesimo sesibili.

Umthetho wesithathu we-thermodynamics

Lo mthetho usho lokhu okulandelayo: lapho ufinyelela zero ngokuphelele izinqubo zezinhlelo zomzimba ziyama. I-zero ngokuphelele yihlobo lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu esingaba kulo. Kulokhu, sikala izinga lokushisa ngama-degree Kelvin. Ngale ndlela, kuthiwa izinga lokushisa nokupholisa kubangela ukuthi ukungena kwesistimu kuthathwe ku-zero ngokuphelele. Kulezi zimo iphathwa njengokuhlala njalo okucacile. Lapho kufinyelelwa ku-zero ngokuphelele, izinqubo zezinhlelo zomzimba ziyama. Ngakho-ke, i-entropy izoba nenani eliphansi kepha elihlala njalo.

Ukufika kuziro ngokuphelele noma cha kulula. Inani le-zero eliphelele kuma-kelvin degrees alikho kodwa uma silisebenzisa esikalini sesilinganiso sokushisa seCelsius ngu -273.15 degrees.

Umthetho we-Zero we-thermodynamics

Lo mthetho ube ngowokugcina ukusebenza futhi ufundeka kanjena: uma u-A = C no-B = C, khona-ke u-A = B. Lokhu kusungula imithetho eyisisekelo neyisisekelo yeminye imithetho emithathu ye-thermodynamics. Yilokho okucatshangwa ngegama lomthetho wokulingana okushisayo. Lokho wukuthi, uma amasistimu asesilinganisweni esishisayo ngokuzimela namanye amasistimu, kufanele abe ngokulingana okushisayo komunye nomunye. Lo mthetho wenza kube nokwenzeka ukusungula umgomo wokushisa. Lo mgomo usebenza ukuqhathanisa amandla ashisayo emizimba emibili ehlukene etholakala ekulinganisweni okushisayo komunye nomunye. Uma le mizimba emibili inokulingana okushisayo, kuzoba sezingeni lokushisa elifanayo ngokungadingekile. Uma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, womabili eshintsha ibhalansi eshisayo ngohlelo lwesithathu, azoba futhi nomunye.

Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi ngemithetho ye-thermodynamics.