I-Los ukubhukuda bayindawo eyisicaba, engakhami kahle emanzini ahlala unomphela noma esikhashana, ayishoni, embozwe uhlaza. Izingqimba zamanzi zakhiwa izikhukhula ezibangelwa imvula, izikhukhula ngenxa yokuchichima komfula noma ichibi, noma isenzo samagagasi. Uma amaxhaphozi anamanzi ahlanzekile eyizindawo ezisogwini ezinamanzi anosawoti, abizwa ngokuthi ama-bogs noma ama-estuary namaxhaphozi. Lezi zindawo zemvelo zibhekwa njengamaxhaphozi, yingakho zifakwe ku-RAMSAR protocol ngenxa yokubaluleka kwazo emjikelezweni wamanzi.
Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke okudingeka ukwazi mayelana namaxhaphozi, izici zawo kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene ezikhona.
Izici eziyinhloko
I-Relief kanye ne-hydrology
Ama-Bogs avela ezindaweni eziphansi, eziyisicaba, noma ezicindezelekile ezinama-drainage ampofu futhi ebonakala ngokuba khona kwamanzi angashoni kanye nezimila eziningi. Lolu ngqimba lwamanzi lungaba khona unomphela noma isikhathi eside.
Amanzi aphuma ekuchichimeni (izikhukhula) noma emvuleni yomfula noma echibini, kuhlanganiswe nomhlabathi ongakhanyi kahle kanye nokungena kancane (echibini).
Amanzi
Ngenxa yokujula okungashoni kwamanzi exhaphozi, ixhaphozi lasemanzini licebile ngohlaza futhi lincane komoyampilo oncibilikisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-organic compounds ekumisweni kanye nama-acids ancibilikisiwe e-organic emanzini kwenza i-pH ibe ne-asidi.
Imvamisa
Njengenhlabathi engaphansi kwezikhukhula unomphela noma eduze-unomphela, i-anoxic (intula umoya-mpilo ohlanzekile), okwenza kube nzima ukushintshanisa igesi. Ukwakheka kwenhlabathi nakho kuyathinteka ukubola kwezinhlayiya, njengoba umswakama wenza usimende ube nzima.
Le nhlabathi ibhekana nezinqubo zokunciphisa ezifana ne-denitrification (ukuguqulwa kwe-nitrate ibe yi-nitrogen). Ngokuvamile ziyinhlabathi enzima, okungukuthi, enobumba oluningi ekuthunjweni. Kwethulwa ungqimba lomhlabathi we-calcareous ompunga-oluhlaza, umkhiqizo wokuba khona kwensimbi enensimbi ngenxa yenqubo yokunciphisa.
Peat
Ukubola kwengxenye yento ephilayo kwenzeka ngenxa yamanzi amaningi, i-pH ene-asidi, kanye nesenzo sebhaktheriya. Inqubo ekhiqiza ukulahleka kwe-hydrogen futhi, ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, ukwakheka kwento eminyene yekhabhoni ebizwa ngokuthi i-peat.
Izinqubo ze-Microbial
Inhlanganisela yezindawo ze-aerobic (ene-oxygen yamahhala) nezinye izindawo ze-anaerobic (ngaphandle komoya-mpilo) kubangela ukuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo ezihlukahlukene. Exhaphozini, umsebenzi wokubola uye wanda.
Kulezi zifunda kunezinqubo zokukhiqizwa kwama-sulfide ngokunciphisa ama-sulfate ezimweni ezinhle zokukhanya. Ngenkathi isendaweni ye-anaerobic ne-shaded, amagciwane e-methanogenic akhiqiza i-methane (methanogenesis).
Isimo sezulu
Isimo sezulu siyashintsha kakhulu njengoba amaxhaphozi atholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo nasezifundeni ezipholile nezibandayo.
izinhlobo zamaxhaphozi
La maxhaphozi ahlukaniswa ngokwemibandela ehlukene, kuye ngobusawoti bamanzi awakhayo noma uhlobo lwezitshalo ezihlala kuwo.
ixhaphozi lamanzi anosawoti
Ihambisana nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi amaxhaphozi, amaxhaphozi asogwini ngokuvamile ahlotshaniswa nezizalo zemifula. Lawa maxhaphozi akhiwa imifula echichimayo ezindaweni ezigobhozayo eduze namachweba.
Zenzeka enhlabathini enesihlabathi kodwa egcwele amanzi amaningi (amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ahlinzekwa yimifula eseduze). Uhlobo lwezitshalo ezimilayo luwutshani olunamaxhaphozi, olugcwele amaxhaphozi, izimila notshani, ngaphezu kolwelwe nezinye izitshalo zasemanzini.
ixhaphozi lamanzi ahlanzekile
Lolu hlobo lwamaxhaphozi lwenzeka ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwezwe ngenxa yezikhukhula ezibangelwa amanzi emvula noma ukuchichima kwamanzi. Umhlabathi uvamise ukuba nobumba futhi izimila zingaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, zibe nezihlahla, izihlahlana kanye namakhambi.
Flora
Izinhlobo zezitshalo ezihlala emaxhaphozini kumele zivumelane nokuba khona kwamanzi njalo. Endabeni yalawo maxhaphozi ane-brackish, isici esikhawulelayo sosawoti siyengezwa.
I-ecosystem enamaxhaphozi ayifani, inezindawo ezimbalwa ezisafufusa ezishintshana nezindawo ezinkulu ezigcwele izikhukhula. Lokhu kunquma ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo zezilwane ngokusekelwe emandleni azo okumelana nezimvula ezinamandla. (amanzi amaningi).
Ngale ndlela, zingatholakala ezinhlotsheni zasemanzini ezingaphansi kwamanzi, ezinezimpande nezintantayo, kanye nakwezinye izinhlobo zasemanzini ezingamelani nezikhukhula isikhathi eside.
Amakhambi Nezihlahla
Phakathi kotshani obumila phansi ezindaweni ezigcwele izikhukhula kukhona umhlanga (Azalea). Futhi ezintantayo yibora (Eichhornia spp.) kanye neminduze yamanzi ehlukahlukene. Ama-halophyte agcwele ezindaweni ezinamaxhaphozi, okungukuthi, emazweni angakwazi ukumelana nosawoti. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukugqoka isaladi ( Sporobolus virginicus ) kanye nebhitrudi kasawoti ( Limonium vulgare ).
Amanye ama-halophyte yi-Atriplex (ebizwa ngokuthi ama-halophyte) kanye ne-wiregrass (i-Spartina spp.). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama- cattails nezihlahlana, njenge- swamp rose ( Rosa palustris ) eNyakatho Melika, atholakala ezindaweni eziningi ezinamaxhaphozi emhlabeni wonke.
Izihlahla
Indawo eshisayo
Emaxhaphozini anehlathi, kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo ezingamelana nezikhukhula unomphela. Lezi zihlanganisa i-chestnut yase-Guiana (Pachira waterica), isihlahla esingafika ku-18 m ubude esimbewu yaso iyadliwa.
Ezinye izinhlobo izihlahla zesundu njenge-labón noma palo cruz (Tabebuia nodosa), i-curupí (Sapium haematospermum) kanye ne-pindó (Syagrus romanzoffiana).
Indawo epholile
Ngisho nasezifundeni ezipholile kukhona amaxhaphozi ama-conifers, i-swamp cypress (Taxodium distichum), amaxhaphozi avamile e-Louisiana (USA). Futhi uhlobo lwe-Quercus, i-American bog oak noma i-bog oak (Quercus palustris).
Ngokunjalo, i-tupelo aquatic plant (Nyssa Aquatica) iyi-angiosperm etholakala ezindaweni ezinamaxhaphozi eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-United States.
Fauna
Indawo eshisayo
Izinyoni ezifana nama-capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), izinyamazane zexhaphozi (Hippocamelus antisensis) kanye nezindwandwe (Jabiru mycteria) zihlala emaxhaphozini asezindaweni ezishisayo. Kukhona nezingwenya (Caiman crocodilus, Caiman yacare. Crocodylus moreletii) kanye nezinhlwathi (Eunectes murinus).
Indawo epholile
emaxhaphozini i-subtropical noma epholile yizilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinkulu njenge-Mississippiensis alligator nezingwenya. Kukhona nezilwane ezincelisayo ezifana ne-Canadian otter (Lontra canadensis), nezinyoni ezifana ne-flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber).
Ukugcina impilo yazo zonke lezi zindawo zemvelo kubaluleke kakhulu ukulwa nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuba khona kwemithombo yemvelo ebalulekile kubantu. Ngithemba ukuthi ngalolu lwazi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nokuthi ayini amaxhaphozi kanye nezici zawo.